World History Unit 7 Study Prep

Scientific Revolution

Movement in Europe where individuals used logic and reason (esp. inductive reasoning) to explain the natural world.

Major scientific advancements during the Scientific Revolution

Anatomy of the human body (Andreas Vesalius), scientific method (Francis Bacon), circulation of blood (William Harvey), rational thought (Rene Descartes), chemical composition (Robert Boyle), and gravity (Isaac Newton).

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model, declaring the sun at the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist who observed the universe with a telescope and promoted heliocentrism.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who described the scientific method and criticized Aristotle's teachings.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who stated that the only undeniable truth is that he exists; promoted Rationalism.

John Locke

English philosopher who believed in natural rights and that people have the right to rebel against unjust rulers.

Montesquieu

French philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government.

Voltaire

French writer who spoke out against intolerance and promoted civil liberties.

Adam Smith

Scottish social philosopher who wrote about capitalism and the 'invisible hand' guiding markets.

Laissez-faire

Economic doctrine advocating that governments should keep their hands off the economy.

Ancien Régime

The old order in pre-revolution France, consisting of three estates.

The Three Estates under the Ancien Régime

First Estate (Clergy): 0.5% of population; Second Estate (Nobility): 1.5% of population; Third Estate (Commoners): 98% of population.

Bastille

French prison stormed by commoners during the French Revolution, symbolizing the king's power.

Goals of the French Revolution

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

Reign of Terror

Radical period during the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre, characterized by mass executions.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Key figure in the French Revolution, first consul, and later emperor of France.

Concordat of 1801

Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope allowing Catholicism in France while maintaining control over Papal territories.

Napoleonic Code

Legal framework established during Napoleon's rule that embodied Enlightenment ideals such as legal equality of men.

Haitian Revolution

Revolution that led to the abolition of slavery in Haiti, influencing global attitudes towards equality.

Scientific method

Standardized approach for conducting scientific investigation and experimentation.

Tennis Court Oath

Pledge by members of the National Assembly to not disband until a new constitution was established.

Palace of Versailles

Royal palace outside of Paris built by Louis XIV to demonstrate power and distract nobles.

Absolute Monarchy

Political system where a king or queen holds total power, justified by the divine right.

Constitutional State

Government where rulers share power with representative institutions.

Natural Rights

Rights that all individuals have at birth which cannot be taken away, as proposed by John Locke.

Civil War (1642-49)

Conflict in England leading to the rise of Oliver Cromwell.

French Revolution (1789)

Period of upheaval in France that led to radical social and political change.

Impact of the Protestant Revolution on European politics

Led to religious conflicts, civil wars, and the rise of competing versions of Christianity, influencing state governance.

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.

Edict of Nantes

French law granting significant religious rights to Huguenots, providing a temporary peace in religious conflicts.

Spanish Armada

Fleet dispatched by Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England; it was defeated by adverse weather and the English navy.

Robespierre

Leader of the Committee of Public Safety; significant figure during the Reign of Terror who sought to eliminate enemies of the revolution.

National Convention

The first French assembly elected by universal male suffrage, responsible for groundbreaking changes in government.

Coalition Wars

Series of conflicts between France and various European powers (Austria, Britain, Russia) during Napoleon's rule.

Continental System

Napoleon's economic strategy to blockade Britain, restricting trade with Europe; it ultimately failed.

Scorched-Earth Policy

Military tactic used by the Russians against Napoleon, destroying resources to deny the enemy supplies during campaigns.

Congress of Vienna

Assembly of European leaders aimed at restoring peace and order after the Napoleonic Wars.

Importance of the Enlightenment on modern democracy

Enlightenment ideas on rights, liberty, and separation of powers significantly influenced modern democratic principles.

William Harvey

English physician who discovered the circulation of blood in the human body, revolutionizing medical science.

Robert Boyle

Known as the founder of modern chemistry; developed Boyle's Law concerning gas pressure.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician whose laws of motion and universal gravitation formed the foundation of classical mechanics.

Bourgeoisie

Middle-class, often referenced as part of the Third Estate that included merchants and professionals, distinct from nobility and workers.

Jacobins

Radical political group that led France during the Reign of Terror, advocating for extreme measures against perceived threats.

Émigrés

Nobles who fled France during the revolutionary period, often seeking to restore the monarchy.

Sans-culottes

Working-class militants in Paris who played a crucial role in the early phases of the French Revolution.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model, declaring the sun at the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist who observed the universe with a telescope and promoted heliocentrism.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who described the scientific method and criticized Aristotle's teachings.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who stated that the only undeniable truth is that he exists; promoted Rationalism.

Andreas Vesalius

Founder of modern human anatomy known for his detailed studies and works on the human body.

William Harvey

English physician who discovered the circulation of blood in the human body, revolutionizing medical science.

Robert Boyle

Known as the founder of modern chemistry; developed Boyle's Law concerning gas pressure.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented calculus and formulated the three laws of motion.