History Terminology for PABO Admission

A comprehensive vocabulary list covering Dutch history from prehistory to the modern era, tailored for the PABO admission exam.

Historische bron

All remnants from the past that provide information about that past, such as objects, letters, minutes, accounts, and photos.

Standplaatsgebondenheid

The concept that a person's position and experiences determine their thinking and actions, which is reflected in historical sources.

Tijdbalk

A tool used to organize the past into years and time periods.

Decennium

A period of $10$ years.

Eeuw

A period of $100$ years.

Continuïteit

Aspects of the past that remain the same over a longer period.

Verandering

Aspects of the past that lead to transformations, such as secularization.

Prehistorie

The era from which no written records have been preserved, ending around $3000\,v.C.$ globally and $50\,v.C.$ in the Lage Landen.

Lage Landen

A description for the current Netherlands and Belgium before these countries existed as separate entities.

Nomadische levenswijze

A way of life where people have no fixed home but move around, living off what nature provides.

Jagers-verzamelaars

People living as nomads who survive by hunting animals and gathering natural products like fruits and roots.

Toendraklimaat

A treeless area with grasses and mosses in cold regions where the warmest months are between $0$ and $10$ degrees Celsius.

Mammoeten

Large animals with thick coats that lived on the tundras and became extinct approximately $4000$ years ago.

Agrarische Revolutie

The transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a farming existence, occurring in the Lage Landen around $5300\,v.C.$.

Bandkeramiekers

The first farmers in the Lage Landen ($5300-4900\,v.C.$) who settled on loess soils in Limburg and decorated their pottery with bands.

Hunebedbouwers

The first farmers north of the major rivers ($3400-2850\,v.C.$) who built stone burial chambers known as hunebedden.

Trechterbekercultuur

The culture of the Hunebedbouwers named after their characteristic funnel-shaped beakers.

Schrift

The development of writing, which signifies the end of prehistory and the start of history around $3000\,v.C.$.

Agrarisch-stedelijke samenleving

A society based on both agriculture and cities, which developed in Greece and Rome.

Romeinse Rijk

An empire formed by conquests between roughly $750\,v.C.$ and $400\,n.C.$ that encompassed the entire Mediterranean Sea.

Aquaduct

High bridges built by Romans to transport water pipelines to cities, such as the Pont du Gard.

Amfitheater

A theater built for entertainment, specifically for gladiator fights, such as the Colosseum.

Polytheïsme

The belief in multiple gods, which was characteristic of Greek and Roman religion.

Limes

The northern border of the Roman Empire formed by the Danube and Rhine rivers, featuring a defense line with watchtowers.

Bataven

A Germanic people settled in the Betuwe who collaborated with Romans but revolted in $69\,n.C.$ under Julius Civilis.

Romanisatie

The process by which indigenous populations adopted aspects of Roman culture, such as money, writing, and gods.

Monotheïsme

The belief in a single god, which displaced polytheism during the Roman era with the rise of Christianity.

Franken

A group that took leadership in Northwest Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire and played a key role in spreading Christianity.

Missionarissen

Clergy members like Willibrord and Bonifatius who traveled to the Lage Landen to convert inhabitants to Christianity.

Leenstelsel (feodale stelsel)

A system where a lord (leenheer) granted land to vassals (leenmannen) to govern on his behalf.

Hofstelsel

A system based on large, self-sufficent estates (domeinen) where serfs worked the land in exchange for protection.

Horigheid

The status of farmers (horigen) who were bound to the land and required to provide services and a portion of their harvest to the lord.

Drie standen

The three social classes that developed in the Middle Ages: the Clergy (first), the Nobility (second), and the Farmers (third).

Hanze

A league of trading cities in the northeastern Lage Landen and German Empire that connected Baltic trade with Europe.

Gilde

An association of craftsmen of the same profession in a city.

Stadsrechten

Privileges bought by cities from their lords, including the right to self-government, walls, and markets.

Centralisatie

The process of governing states from a single central point by a monarch and civil servants.

Staten-Generaal

A meeting of representatives from different provinces, first convened in $1464$ by the Burgundian rulers.

Renaissance

A period of renewed interest in the classical antiquity of Greece and Rome.

Heliocentrisch wereldbeeld

The scientific model developed by Copernicus and Galilei stating the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.

Reformatie (Hervorming)

The split in the church resulting from criticism of the Roman Catholic Church, led by figures like Luther and Calvijn.

Beeldenstorm

The destruction of religious images in churches by Calvinists in $1566$, starting in Flanders.

Willem van Oranje

The leader of the Dutch revolt against Spain, considered the 'Father of the Fatherland,' murdered in $1584$.

Unie van Utrecht

An alliance of rebellious provinces formed in $1579$ that remained independent but cooperated on defense and finance.

Plakkaat van Verlatinge

The $1581$ document by which the rebellious provinces officially deposed Filips II as their ruler.

Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden

A unique republic founded in $1588$ consisting of seven provinces including Holland and Zeeland.

VOC (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)

A company founded in $1602$ with a monopoly on trade with Asia, making the Republic an economic world power.

WIC (West-Indische Compagnie)

A company founded in $1621$ for trade with Africa and America, primarily involved in the slave trade.

Handelskapitalisme

An economic system where traders invested profits back into businesses to enable growth.

Tolerantie

The practice of tolerating different lifestyles or religions, which in the $17th$ century meant Catholics and Jews were not persecuted.

Absolutisme

A form of government where all power lies with the monarch, exemplified by Lodewijk XIV.

Driehoekshandel

Trade route between Europe (goods), Africa (slaves), and America (plantation products).

Abolitionisme

The movement to abolish slavery, which succeeded in the Netherlands in $1863$.

De Verlichting

An $18th$-century intellectual movement focused on science, equal rights, and reason.

Franse Revolutie

The $1789$ uprising in Paris against the king's rule, based on 'liberty, equality, and fraternity.'

Patriotten

Members of the Dutch bourgeoisie who wanted to depose Stadhouder Willem V and achieve a fairer distribution of power.

Parlementaire democratie

A form of government where citizens influence policy by electing a parliament, established in the Netherlands by Thorbecke in $1848$.

Industrialisatie

The shift from manual labor to machine-based work in factories.

Sociale kwestie

The debate regarding the poor living and working conditions of industrial laborers.

Verzuiling

The division of society into distinct social groups (pillars) based on ideology, such as Catholic, Protestant, or Socialist.

Modern imperialisme

The policy of European countries using colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished products.

Cultuurstelsel

A system in the Dutch East Indies where landowners were forced to use part of their land for crops for the Dutch market.

Holocaust

The systematic persecution and extermination of Jews in Europe during World War II.

Hongerwinter

The winter of $1944-1945$ in the western Netherlands marked by extreme cold and a total lack of food and transport.

Politionele acties

The name given to the colonial war ($1947-1949$) waged by the Netherlands against the Indonesian independence movement.

Koude Oorlog

A period of tension and armed peace ($1948-1989$) between the capitalist USA and the communist Soviet Union.

Marshallplan

The American economic recovery plan ($1947-1953$) that supported West European countries after World War II.

Glasnost

The policy of 'openness' introduced by Mikhail Gorbatsjov around $1990$ to reform the communist party.

Verzorgingsstaat

A state where the government takes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, such as through the AOW in $1956$.

Ontzuiling

The phenomenon of people living increasingly outside of their traditional ideological 'pillars.'

Watersnoodramp 1953

A disastrous flood in February $1953$ that killed over $1800$ people and led to the creation of the Deltawerken.