Chapter 10 - cardiovascular, immune, lymphatic systems, and blood

angi/o

vessel (usually refers to blood vessels)

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

lymph/o

lymph, lymphatic tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node

myel/o

bone marrow ( also means spinal cord in chp 15)

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus gland

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle

ather/o

yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

sound

electr/o

electricity, electrical activity

isch/o

deficiency, blockage

therm/o

heat

thromb/o

clot

brady-

slow

pan-

all, total

-ac

pertaining to

-apheresis

removal

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-poiesis

formation

-sclerosis

hardening

heart

Muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.

atrioventricular valves

consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta

Pericardium

two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer

epicardium

outer lining covering the heart; also part of the pericardium

Myocardium

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

Arteries

Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Arterioles

smallest arteries

Aorta

largest artery in the body, which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

venules

small veins

venae cavae

largest vein in the body.

Capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules

blood

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets)

plasma

clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended

serum

clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

Erythrocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen. develops in bone marrow

Leukocytes

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to imflammation. there are five types of white blood cells.

thrombocytes

one of the formed elementsin the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process ( also called platelets)

lymph

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid; contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one-way direction to the heart

lymphatic vessels

Transport lymph throughout the body.

lymph nodes

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue

spleen

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm

thymus gland

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around puberty the thymus gland atrophies so that most of the gland is connective tissue

angioma

tumor composed of blood vessels

angiostenosis

narrowing of a blood vessel

aortic stenosis

narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

Atherosclerosis

hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)

Bradycardia

condition of a slow heart (rate less than 60 beats per minute)

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Ischemia

deficiency of blood (flow)

myocarditis

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

peridcarditis

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

polyartitis

inflammation of many arteries

Tachycardia

condition of a rapid heart (rate of more than 100 beats per minute)

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein associated with a (blood) clot

valvulitis

inflammation of a valve (of the heart)

lymphadenitis

inflammation of the lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

disease of the lymph nodes

lymphoma

tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

thymoma

tumor of the thymus gland

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

angina pectoris

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

arrhythima

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern

Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)

cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

coarctation of the aorta

congential stenosis (narrowing) which occurs in the arch of the aorta

congential heart disease

heart abnormality present at birth

coronary artery disease (CAD)

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to denying the heart tissue sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis. CAD is a common cause of heart failure and myocardial infarction

cor pulmonale

enlargement of the heart's right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

condition of thrombus (clot) in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

heart failure (HF)

condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (also called congestive heart failure [CHF])

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure

intermittent claudication

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when the patient is at rest

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

myocardial infarction (MI)

death (necrosis) of a portion of the heart muscle caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also called heart attack)

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery.

rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

varicose veins

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

anemia

condition in whch there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs). ANemia may be cause be caused by the blood loss, by decreased production of RBCs, or by increased destruction of RBCs.

embolus (pl. emboli)

blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation

Hemophilia

inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

Leukemia

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow

Sepsis

systemic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multipluing; life-threatening condition, which may lead to tissue damage, oran failure, and death. The overwhelming presence of pathogens in the blood is called septicemia