Global China - II

First Opium War

• 1839 - 1842

• Leadup:

  • England is convinced by capitalism and its free trade

    • Disadvantaged by cohong in Guangzhou

    • → Illegal sale of opium from INDIA with the biggest investor being British East India Company

  • Illegal opium trade both Chinese and British → major addiction in southern China.

  • Banned opium trade in 1800

    • 1813 → illegal to smoke

    • 1839 → Lin Zexu confiscates opium from British ship and kicks them out of Guangzhou

  • They fled to Macao (Aomen) → Pleaded the British government by to do a military expedition:

• British sailed north and closed the ports of Ningbo and Tianjin.

  • Demanded Hong Kong

    • They dont give it

      • They attack Guangzhou, Close Shanghai, sailed up the Yangtze to nanjing

Result: Treaty of nanjing

Lin Zexu

Chinese Authority that seized the British ship in 1839 in Guangzhou

Treaty of Nanjing

1. Hong Kong to England in eternity

2. Opening of Treaty Ports

   1. Guanzhou

   2. Shanghai

   3. Amoy

   4. Fuzhou

   5. Ningbo

3. Low Import Duties 5%

4. Extraterritoriality

5. Most favoured nation clause

Signed in 1842, Similar treaties signed with other nations

• 1844 → USA → Build churches, extraterritoriality, hospitals

Hong Kong Occupation

January 1841

Emperor refused to cede it

Bu pingdeng Tiaoyue 不平等条约

Unequal treaties

Crimean war

1853-1856

Second Opium War

• Treaty of Nanjing scheduled for review, but they didn’t want to concede more 1851

  • Crimean war done in 1856 → UK and France resources free to go bonk the Chinese again

• The Arrow War: 1856- June 1858

  • Governor of guangdong refused to apologize for officers searching English warship for pirates.

→ Treaty of Tianjin

Treaty of Tianjin

• 1858

1. Russia received right to trade with treaty ports

2. Status of most favoured nation clause to all 4 major powers

3. Treaty ports

   1. Tainan

   2. Sailor

   3. Shantou

   4. Hatching

   5. Penglai

   6. Tamsui

   7. Nanjing

   8. Yantai

   9. Yingkou

   10. Zhenjiang

   11. Wuhan

   12. Jiujang

4. Not allowed to prevent Russian orthodox, Roman Catholic and protestant

5. Extraterritoriallity to all 4 major powers

6. Free navigation of Yangzi

7. Four major powers open legation in Beijing

Didnt want to sign → Beijing conventions 1860

Conventions of Beijing

• 1860

• Burned summerpalace down

• Xianfeng Emperor runs to Jehol, Manchuria. Brother remained in the capital and made peace with french and English.

  • Kowloon to England

  • Treaty of Tianjin (1858) only came into effect after this.

Taiping Rebellion

• Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864)

  • Rid country of fake gods

  • Peasant revolt against Manchu gov

  • 20 mill dead

• Heavenly empire of great peace

  • Tian wang 1851

• 
  

Chinese Rites Controversy

A 17th- and 18th-century dispute within the Catholic Church concerning the compatibility of traditional Chinese rites (such as ancestor veneration and ceremonies honoring Confucius) with Christian doctrine. - Jesuit Position: Argued that the rites were civil customs and should be tolerated or incorporated (pioneered by Matteo Ricci). - Dominican/Franciscan Position: Argued that the rites were incompatible with Christian worship and constituted idolatry. - Papal Outcome: Multiple decrees (e.g., Pope Clement XI's Ex illa die, 1715) condemned the rites, severely hindering Catholic missionary work and often resulting in expulsion of missionaries from China.

Taiping timeline

1. 1853 → Taipings capture Nanjing. Became Capital

2. 1854 → Reached Tianjin, but never captured it. Turning point rebellion

3. 1860/1862 → Attempt to take shanghai

4. 1862 → Counteroffensive western powers

5. 1864 → Nanjing recaptured

Zeng Guofan

• 1811 - 1872

• Helped end taiping rebellion

Li Hongzhang

• 1823 - 1901

• Helped beat Taipings

Zuo Zongtang

• 1812 - 1885

• Helped beat Taipings

• Bonked Yakub Beg in 1877

Major Charles George Gordon

• 1833 - 1885

• Beat the Taipings

• Leader of the Ever-victorious army

Nian Rebels

• 1855 - 1868

  • Started with the great flood of the Huang He 1855

• Silting up the Imperial Channel

  • And yellow river

  • Suppressed By:

    • Zeng Guofan

    • Li Hongzhong

• Did not establish dissident state

  • just angry unemployed people tbh

    • Just attack the large land owners and state grain reserves

Muslim revolt

• 回 Hui

• Revolts in the Shenxi and Gansu provinces

Uprising of Du Wenxiu

• 1856 - 1873

• Proclaimed the Sultanate of Panthay in Dali, Yunnan.

Tongzhi Restauration

• 1862 - 1874

• Resumed:

  • Bureaucracy

  • Agriculture

  • Economy

  • Confucian Academics

• CHINA IN ESSENCE, THE WEST AS FUNCTION

  • First proposed by Feng Guifeng in 1861

  • Developed by Zhang Zhidong 1898

tongzhi emperor died in 1875 and Cixi Dowager became de-facto ruler

Struggle for modernity

• Hu Shih

• State Confucianism

  • Used by government since Han to legitimise their power.

• Radical Confucianism:

  • Confucianism was moral alternative critical to political and social justice.

  • Zhou was perfect, since Qin f*cked up. Dark period

  • Return to “essence of Chinese culture” pre Qin is necessary for revival of Chinese culture.

• Wei Yuan (1794-1857): No Western knowledge worth being studied except military and weapons

• Wang Tao (1828-1897): Study EU culture to understand basics of superior technology.

  • Chinese culture as essence will embrace western technology in function.

Liang Qichao

• 1873 - 1929

• Social Darwinism interpretation of Herbert Spencer

  • Better culture will survive

    • Foundation of pretty much every genocide you can think of :D

• Han > Manchu

  • Heavily influenced by Johann Kaspar Bluntschli → creator of the ‘aryan’

    • One People

  • Han had same role as the Aryan

  • Hegel: Nation can only fulfill its ‘historic mission’ only by building a stable state. → The Han didn’t have their ‘state’

→ Han would have to be the center of a multi-ethnic Chinese Nation State. But can only happen when Han is superior in development, mentality and power. Like the Aryans.

• Small Nationalism: Feeling of the Han towards other groups inside the borders

• Great Nationalism: All people together towards the outside.

→ Unify China under the Han government as a nation (Tianxia maintained), then go wipe out others ^-^

Def not the start of a crazy documentary for sure.. 0_0

Sun Yat-sen

• 1866 - 1925

• Minzu = guozu

  • Ethnic minorities IS fundamental for the creation of a nation.

• Didn’t want to rule the country with the KMT but wanted to “establish” it trough the party.

  • PARTY = 党国

Self Strengthening Movement

Westernisation movement

• Schools of foreign languages and law established

• Modern industry

  • Shipyards

  • Mining

• Modern press in shanghai

• Ministry of foreign affairs established

  • 1860 → diplomatic missions in London, Paris, Berlin, Madrid, Washington, Tokyo, St.petersburg.

→ Failed: They didn’t change they just strengthened themselves materially and stayed with the old cultural model to defend its own culture.

Tongmenhui 同盟會

• 1905 Tokyo

• 1894 Xingzhonghui → 1905 Revolutionary league → 1912 → KMT

• Wanted to create nation state

  • Han republic

• Close contact with the Gelaohui 哥老會 association of elder brothers

  • Republican

  • Supported by intellectuals and bourgeoisie

Territorial Encroachments

1. Russia occupied Central Asia and Manchuria

2. France gained Vietnam

3. Burma became British

4. Outer Mongolia and Tibet → independent but influenced by West

5. Xinjiang, Yakub Beg independent emirate 1866-1877

   1. Got bonked by Zuo Zongtang

6. Germany got Shandong

7. Portugal got Macau

8. Belgium part of Tianjin O-o

9. Japan Fujian

First Sino - Japanese war

• 1894 - 1895

• Struggle influence Korea

  • Japan forcing Korea to sign unequal treaty in 1876

    • China doesn’t want to lose influence.

      • Tensions reached high in 1885 → agreement to not send troops without telling it.

      • 1894, Korea asked china for troops to help fight local rebels.

        • Japan sinks Chinese troop boat → war.

• Peace of Shimoneki 1895

  • China got humiliated.

  • Signed by Li Hongzhang.

  • Taiwan to Japan.

  • Pay up.

    • Had to borrow from West

      • First Chinese foreign debt.

• First fight confrontation with Japan

Wuxu year reform

• One hundred days movement

• Kang youwei: Establish constitutional monarchy

  • Emperor Guangxu agreed

  • Cixi didn’t like, and stripped him from his power.

  • Liang Qichao was student of him

• Fled to japan

  • Established Bao Huang Hui, Protect emperor

Boxer movement

• 1899

• Secret society: The white lotus

  • Buddhist political religious movement from 13th century.

  • German missionaries activity pissed of Chinese. → start rebellion.

• anti-dynasty but changed

  • “Support the Qing, Destroy the foreigners”

• International forces entered Beijing

  • Court fled to Xi’an.

• Boxer Protocol 1901

  • Confucian examination system suspended for 5 years

New Policy of the end of the Qing

• new schools

• Students send to japan, Europe and US

• Military reforms under Yuan Shikai after death of Li Hongzhang in 1901.

• A constitution and installation of parliament were prepared

• End of state exams in 1905

Military uprising of Wuchang

• 10 oct 1911

• Coup by members of imperial army

  • Bomb explodes in private house serving as revolutionary headquarters.

    • Police find big list including names of military personnel

      • To avoid arrest they stage coup

• Xinhai Revolution

  • Yuan Shikai tasked to suppress uprising

    • Makes the court, emperor and revolutionaries Make agreement.

      • February 12, 1912. the child emperor abdicates. → end dynasty rule

• Sun yat-sen becomes ‘provisional president’ of ROC on January 1, 1912

• Yuan Shikai becomes President on march 10, 1912.