AP World Cotton Wall

Islam

Monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad centered on worship of Allah

5 Pillars

1. Declaration of Faith

2. 5 Prayers a day

3. Almsgiving (charity)

4. Fasting

5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Abbasid Caliphate

Islamic empire known for trade and scholarship (750–1258)

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasids and major cultural/trade center

Translation Movement

Effort to translate classical texts into Arabic

Feudalism

System where lords grant land for military service

Manors

agricultural estates typically owned by a lord and worked by serfs

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty restoring native rule and expanding trade

Mandate of Heaven

The belief rulers are the Son of Heaven and will rule using skill and virtue

Dynastic Cycle

Rise and fall pattern of Chinese dynasties

Ancestor Worship

Honoring ancestors believed to influence life

Movable Type

Printing with reusable characters

Confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing hierarchy and order

Neo-Confucianism

Confucianism blended with Buddhist and Taoist ideas

Daoism

Belief in harmony with nature and following The Way (ie. going with the flow)

Grand Canal

Waterway connecting northern and southern China primarily created during the Sui dynasty

Great Wall

Wall created during the Qin, Han, and Ming dynasties representing the penal labor of Chinese men

Foot Binding

Practice restricting women’s feet for status

Trade Surplus

Exports exceed imports

Trade Deficit

Imports exceed exports

Ulama

Islamic scholars interpreting law

Qadi

Islamic judge

Ibn Battuta

Muslim traveler documenting Afro-Eurasia

Silk Road

Overland trade routes linking Eurasia

Trans-Saharan

Trade across Sahara Desert

Indian Ocean

Maritime trade network

Swahili Coast

East African trade region blending cultures

Monsoon Winds

Seasonal winds aiding ocean trade

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim state in northern India

Aztec

Mesoamerican empire based on tribute

Inca

Andean empire with roads and central control

Tenochtitlán

Capital of Aztec Empire

Machu Picchu

Incan mountain city

Chinampas

Floating farms used by Aztecs

Terrace Farming

Step farming on hills

Human Sacrifice

Ritual killing for religious purposes

Quipu

Knotted cords for Incan record-keeping

Moctezuma

Aztec ruler during Spanish arrival

Cultural Exchange

Spread of ideas and goods

Black Plague

Deadly disease spread via trade routes

Genghis Khan

Founder of Mongol Empire

Khanates

Divisions of Mongol Empire

Pax Mongolica

100 years of peace promoting trade under Mongols

Bantu Migration

Spread of people, language, farming in Africa

Lingua Franca

Common trade language

Oral History

History passed by storytelling

Ethiopian Kingdom

Christian African kingdom

Coptic Christianity

Christian tradition in Egypt/Ethiopia

Rock Church

Church carved into rock, often found in Coptic Chrisitanity

Forced Cross-Cultural Exchange

Cultural spread through conquest

4 M’s

Merchants missionaries marriage military

State-sponsored exploration

Government-funded voyages

Vasco da Gama

Explorer reaching India by sea

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponsored Portuguese exploration

Caravel Ships

Small, highly maneuverable, lateen-sailed ship developed by the Portuguese

Magnetic Compass

Navigation tool for direction

Astrolabe

Tool using stars for navigation

Lateen Sails

Triangular sails for maneuvering

Sternpost Rudders

Improved ship steering

Columbus

Explorer reaching Americas 1492

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of disease, plants, animals, and people between the Old World and New World

D.P.A.P

Diseases Plants Animals People

Quinine

Medicine against malaria

Atlantic Trade Network

The triangular trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

1. European manufactured goods using raw materials

2. African slaves being given by tribes in exchanged for manufactured goods

3. American raw materials collected using slaves

Manufactured Goods

Raw materials processed into a finished product

Indentured Servitude

Individuals contracted to work for 4–7 years in exchange for passage to the Americas

Chattel Slavery

Form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought, sold, and owned

Middle Passage

Slave voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas

Raw Materials

Natural resources, unprocessed goods

Cash Crops

Crops grown for profit rather than sustenance (eg. tobacco)

Plantation

Estates that primarily focus on the cultivation of cash crops using labor

West African Tribal Warfare

Conflicts increasing slave supply due to utilizing manufactured weapons

Dahomey

Slave-trading African kingdom

Asante

Powerful West African empire

Social Disruption

Significant changes in the social fabric of a community or society

Stagnant Population

Little population growth

Child Labor

Children working

Paving Post Empire

Set stage for future imperialism

Trade Ports

Centers of trade

Mercantilism

Laws controlling trade for maximum profit; predecessor to capitalism

Urbanization

Growth of cities

Bourgeoisie

Middle class business owners; the inbetween between the peasants and aristocrats

Banking

Financial systems for trade

Manufacturing

Production of goods

Amsterdam

The banking capital of Europe

Dutch East India Company

Trade company controlling Asia trade

Joint-Stock Company

Business owned by shareholders

Stock Market

Buying and selling shares

Charter Company

Company with government rights

Martin Luther

Led Protestant Reformation

Schism

Split in religion; used with the split from the Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation

Break from Catholic Church

Catholic Reformation

Sought to reform the Catholic church from corruption

Indulgences

Paper that can be bought that springs ancestors out of hell/purgatory into heaven

Vernacular Bible

Bible in local language

Ottoman Empire

Muslim gunpowder empire in Middle East; longest lasting Empire that ended in WWI

Devshirme System

Ottoman practice where Christian boys from the empire's territories were recruited and converted to Islam to serve various roles such as Janissaries

Janissaries

Elite military soldiers within the Ottoman Empire, originally formed from conscripted Christian boys

Mughal Empire

Dominant, Sunni Muslim, gunpowder empire in South Asia

Qing Empire

China's last imperial dynasty, established by Manchu rulers