Anatomy II - Vessels

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart

Tunica interna (or Endothelium)

The innermost layer of an artery wall

Provides a smooth surface for blood flow and platelets

Main function of the tunica interna

Tunica media

Middle layer of an artery wall

Smooth muscle and a thick layer of connective tissue

Composition of tunica media

Tunica externa

Outermost layer of an artery wall

Anchors the artery to surrounding tissues

role of the tunica externa

Vasoconstriction

The contraction of smooth muscle causing vessel diameter to decrease

Vasodilation

The relaxation of smooth muscle causing vessel diameter to increase

Elastic arteries

These arteries are closest to the heart

accommodates surges of blood and project blood onward

function of elastic arteries

Greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust blood flow

Function of muscular arteries

Anastomoses

Alternate routes of blood flow through collateral circulation

arterioles

Small branches of arteries leading into capillaries

capillaries

The smallest blood vessels with walls composed of simple squamous epithelium

Venules

connects capillaries to veins

Thinner walls, less smooth muscle, and larger lumens

How are veins different than arteries?

Valves

Prevent backflow of blood

skeletal muscle pump

A mechanism that helps return blood to the heart by contracting muscles to compress nearby veins

Respiratory pump

A mechanism that aids venous return during inhalation

64%

What percentage of blood is in the veins while the body is at rest

60-100 beats per minute (bpm)

Normal pulse rate range

tachycardia

A rapid pulse rate of over 100 bpm

bradycardia

A slow pulse rate of less than 60 bpm

baroreceptors

Sensors that detect blood pressure and relay information to the brain

The Aorta

Largest diameter artery

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

These branch from the aortic arch

Right Common Carotid Artery

supplies right side of head and neck.

Right Subclavian Artery

Supplies right arm

Left common carotid artery

Supplies Left side of head and neck

Left subclavian artery

Supplies Left Arm

vertebral arteries

- Supply vertebra

- enter skull thru foramen magnum

- converge to form basilar artery

Basilar Artery

- supplies pons, midbrain and cerebellum

- divides into 2 Posterior Cerebral arteries

Posterior Cerebral arteries

- supply parts of the cerebrum

- also helps from the circle of Willis (Cerebral arterial circle)

Circle of Willis

A cerebral arterial circle that connects vertebral and internal carotid artery systems. Provides alternative blood flow in case of a blockage.

Thyrocervical axis

supplies the Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea and the Esophagus

Costocervical Artery

Supplies muscles in neck, back and thoracic wall

Superior Thyroid Artery

supplies the thyroid

Lingual Artery

supplies the tongue

Facial Atery

supplies the face

Occipital Artery

supplies the scalp

Posterior Auricular Artery

supplies ear and scalp over ear

Maxillary artery

supplies teeth, gums and jaws

Superficial temporal artery

supplies parotid salivary gland

Internal Carotid Artery

provides major blood supply to brain and has 3 major branches that include the Ophthalmic, Post. Communicating, and Ant. Choroid arteries

Ophthalmic Artery

supplies the eyes

Post. Communicating Artery

forms part of the Circle of Willis

Anterior Choroid Artery

Supplies the Choroid plexus of the brain which produces cerebrospinal fluid

Subclavian Artery

becomes the Axillary artery when it passes between clavicle and 1st rib.

Axillary Artery

supplies axilla, chest wall, mammary gland & the shoulder joint. Becomes brachial artery

Brachial Artery

- supplies muscles on Anterior arm

- gives rise to deep brachial artery

- divides in the elbow to become the radial and ulnar arteries

deep brachial artery

supplies the triceps muscle

Ulnar Artery

supplies Flexor & extensor muscles on the ulnar side of forearm and wrist

Radial Artery

supplies Flexor & extensor muscles on the radial side of forearm & wrist

Bronchial Artery

Supplies bronchi

Pericardial artery

supplies pericardium

Esophageal artery

supplies esophagus

Mediastinal artery

supplies mediastinum

Posterior intercostal artery

supplies thoracic wall

5 branches

How many branches does the thoracic aorta have

celiac trunk

- supplies organs of upper digestive tract

- Gives rise to the Left Gastric, Splenic, and Hepatic arteries

Left Gastric artery

supplies upper digestive organs

Splenic artery

Supplies the spleen

Hepatic artery

Supplies the liver

Phrenic arteries

supply the diaphragm

Superior Mesenteric arteries

supplies parts of small & large intestine

suprarenal arteries.

Supply the adrenal glands

Renal arteries

supplies the kidneys

Gonadal arteries

supplies ovaries/testes

Inferior Mesenteric arteries

supplies lower large intestine

Lumbar arteries

3-4 pairs, supply posterior abdominal wall

Middle Sacral artery

supplies sacrum and coccyx

Internal Iliac Artery

- 6 branches

- flows to the groin area

External Iliac Artery

Branch of the common iliac arteries that flows to the leg

Iliolumbar artery

ilium and back muscles

Sup. & Inf. Gluteal Arteries

supplies skin and muscles of yo ass

Internal Pudendal Artery

supplies external genitalia

Sup. & Inf. Vesical Arteries

supplies Urinary Bladder & Prostate

Middle Rectal Artery

supplies rectum

Uterine Artery

supplies uterus and vagina

Obturator Artery

Internal Iliac artery becomes this as it passes through the obturator foramen

2 branches

How many branches does the external iliac artery have

Femoral Artery

External iliac artery becomes this as it descends down the leg

Inferior Epigastric Artery

supplies the muscles and skin in the lower abdominal wall

Deep Circumflex iliac Artery

supplies the iliac bone

5 branches

how many branches does the femoral artery have

Superficial Circumflex iliac Artery

supplies lymph nodes and skin of groin

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous artery

supplies lateral thigh

Superficial Epigastric Artery

supplies skin of lower abdominal wall

Superficial & Deep External Pudendal Arteries

supplies skin of external genitalia

Deep Femoral Artery

- Largest femoral branch

- supplies hip joint and muscles of thigh

Genicular Arteries

supply anastomosis of the knee

popliteal artery

supplies the knee joint

anterior tibial artery

Supplies Anterior and Lateral regions of the leg

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

supplies instep and toes

posterior tibial

- supplies skin, muscles, and other tissues of the leg

- divides into the Medial Plantar, Lateral Plantar, and fibular arteries

Medial Plantar Artery

supplies heel, instep and toes on the medial side of the foot

Lateral Plantar Artery

supplies heel, instep and toes on the lateral side of the foot

Fibular Artery

contributes to the anastomosis of ankle