名詞解釋 - Stage 2 - Mood disorder

Define attribution.

Attribution is the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred.

Define attributional style.

Attributional style is a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events.

Define behavioural couples therapy.

Behavioural couples therapy is a clinical approach to depression in which a couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; it is more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy.

Define bipolar I disorder.

Bipolar I disorder is a diagnosis defined by at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression.

Define bipolar II disorder.

Bipolar II disorder is a form of bipolar disorder diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania.

Define cognitive biases.

Cognitive biases are tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, such as attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information, hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas.

Define Cushing’s syndrome.

Cushing’s syndrome is an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by oversecretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation, and physical disfigurement.

Define cyclothymic disorder.

Cyclothymic disorder is a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes.

Define disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youth older than age six.

Define episodic disorder.

An episodic disorder is a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur.

Define hopelessness theory.

Hopelessness theory is a cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions, and was later modified to emphasise hopelessness—an expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation.

Define hypomania.

Hypomania is an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania.

Define major depressive disorder (MDD).

Major depressive disorder is a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not mania. Depressive episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as worthlessness, guilt, withdrawal, loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire, and either lethargy or agitation.

Define mania.

Mania is intense elation or irritability accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractibility, grandiose plans, heightened activity, and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions.

Define mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT).

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy that draws on third-wave techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy.

Define negative triad.

In Beck’s theory of depression, the negative triad refers to a person’s negative views of the self, the world, and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions or schemas and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction.

Define neuroticism.

Neuroticism is the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect and is a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression.

Define non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).

Non-suicidal self-injury refers to behaviours that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death.

Define peripartum onset.

Peripartum onset refers to onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania.

Define psychomotor agitation.

Psychomotor agitation is a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness, and inability to sit still.

Define psychomotor retardation.

Psychomotor retardation is a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves their limbs and body slowly.

Define reward system.

The reward system is a system of brain structures involved in the motivation to pursue rewards and is believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders.

Define rumination.

Rumination is repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing a negative mood.

Define seasonal affective disorder.

Seasonal affective disorder is a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter.