Conceptualization of Independence and Health in Disability

Flashcards covering conceptualizations of independence, ABA techniques, prompt hierarchies, chronic health conditions, and specific neurodevelopmental and physical disabilities based on the lecture transcript.

Independence

The ability to be in control of, and make decisions about, one's own life, emphasizing control over outcomes and actions rather than physical self-sufficiency.

Causal Agent

A person who initiates actions, makes choices, influences outcomes, and acts as the source of action in their own life.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

A theory consisting of three core needs: Autonomy (feeling choice), Competence (experience of mastery), and Relatedness (feeling connected).

Autonomy

When a person acts according to their own preferences, interests, and abilities independently, free from undue external influence.

Self-Regulation

The ability to examine environments and responses to make decisions, typically including self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement.

Psychological Empowerment

The belief in the relationship between one's actions and the outcomes experienced, based on a person's locus of control.

Internal Locus of Control

The characterization of a person who views reinforcement as primarily the consequence of their own actions.

External Locus of Control

The characterization of a person who views reinforcement as the result of outside forces such as luck, fate, or powerful others.

Self-Realization

Having a reasonably accurate understanding of one's strengths and limitations to act in a beneficial manner.

ABC Three-Term Contingency

A behavioral framework consisting of an Antecedent (what happened before), Behavior (what the person did), and Consequence (what happened after).

Task Analysis

The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units.

Shaping

A technique used to teach an unknown skill where an individual is rewarded for successful approximations of a target skill.

Chaining

A procedure for teaching a behavior sequence where a person masters one step at a time while the instructor completes remaining steps.

Forward Chaining

A method where the initial step in a behavioral sequence is taught first, and subsequent steps are completed by the instructor.

Backward Chaining

A method where the last step in a behavioral sequence is taught first, and preceding steps are completed by the instructor.

Prompt

Extra support added in the form of hints or reminders to help a person achieve success in a skill.

Natural Cue

A stimulus in the environment relating to a skill that naturally reminds a person to perform that skill.

System of Least-to-Most Prompts (LMP)

An increasing assistance approach where the instructor provides a sequence of prompts starting with minimal assistance.

System of Most-to-Least Prompts (MLP)

A decreasing assistance approach where the instructor provides maximal assistance and progresses to less assistance as performance succeeds.

Positive Reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by adding a rewarding consequence following a desired behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior through the removal of or escape from an unpleasant stimulus.

Primary Reinforcer

A biologically or innately reinforcing stimulus that is immediately rewarding, such as food or physical activity.

Secondary Reinforcer

A learned reinforcer, such as money or tokens, that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer.

Token Economy

A reinforcement system where secondary reinforcers (tokens) are collected and redeemed for backup reinforcers.

FITT Acronym

A framework for exercise planning standing for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.

Asthma

A chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes that narrows airflow, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Nebulizer

An electric or battery-powered machine that turns liquid asthma medicine into a fine mist for inhalation.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

A condition where insulin resistance reduces glucose uptake, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

Hypoglycemia

A condition of low blood glucose characterized by symptoms like sweating, irritability, and lack of coordination.

Hyperglycemia

A condition of high blood glucose characterized by symptoms like dry mouth, increased thirst, and frequent urination.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A condition where plaque builds up in coronary arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.

Angina

Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when a heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.

Myocardial Infarction

Commonly known as a heart attack, occurring when a clot blocks blood flow in a coronary artery.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A degenerative joint disease occurring when cartilage wears off and bone rubs against bone.

Alzheimer’s Disease

An irreversible, progressive dementia causing problems with memory, thinking, and behavior, accounting for $60-80\%$ of dementia cases.

Paraplegia

Impairment resulting from thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spinal injury, typically preserving upper body function.

Tetraplegia

Also known as quadriplegia, it results from a cervical injury and affects all four limbs and the torso.

Autonomic Dysreflexia

A life-threatening condition for those with SCI at $T6$ or above, causing a sudden increase in blood pressure.

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

A group of non-progressive neurological disorders caused by brain injury that affect movement, posture, and coordination.

Dysphagia

A swallowing impairment where there is a problem moving food or liquid safely from the mouth to the stomach.

Apraxia

A motor impairment involving difficulty with planning and sequencing movements.

Person-First Language

A linguistics approach that puts the person before the diagnosis, such as "a person with autism."

Identity-First Language

A linguistics approach that treats the diagnosis as an essential part of identity, such as "an autistic person."

Rumination Disorder

A behavioral condition involving the regurgitation of food followed by rechewing or reswallowing.

Pica

A behavioral condition characterized by eating non-food items like dirt or paper.

Down Syndrome

A genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome $21$, often associated with hypotonia and intellectual disability.

Hypotonia

A state of low muscle tone often seen in individuals with Down Syndrome or Cerebral Palsy.

Hyperphagia

A constant feeling of hunger and lack of satiety, specifically associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome.