Alex II interpretations

treaty of Paris- crimean war

30th march 1856

state owned serfs free+ first assiaintion attempt on Alex

1866

zemstva introduded +legal reform (e.g. Jurys and better paid judges)

+ 2 eductionn reforms introducded- one to increase secondary schools and other to expands elementary schools

1864 (for reform)

national bank founded 

1860

savings bank est

1869

business rose from 78 to 357

1861- 1873

unis became a self governing body + st. Petersburg fire started by liberals meant that sunday schools were closed down as where liberals distributed flyers.

1863 (for russia)

1.3 men taught literacy in army

1874-94

348 peasant uprisings

1845-54

Nicholas I reached Paris while fighting Napoleon

1815

30 marker structure and timings

Intro:

• say what both views of the historians are using phrase ‘this essay will find this passage most convincing’- use either passage A or B, not historians names.

Para 1: weakest interpretion strength, link at end to concinvles with 2 yr ‘why’ mentality.

Para 2: weakest interpretion weakness,link at end to concinvles with 2 yr ‘why’ mentality.

Para 3: strongest interpretion weakness, link at end to concinvles with 2 yr ‘why’ mentality.

Para 4: strongest interpretion strength, link at end to concinvles with 2 yr ‘why’ mentality.

Para 5: conclusion, saying which one you find more convincing.

PEEL paragraphs for each.

1hr 10mins

coal production increased from 300,000 to 3 million

1860-1880

railway tracks increased from 3500km to 22,500 km

1862-1878

polish uprising (January uprising)

1863-64

licencesd newspapers grew from 6 to 66

1854-1864

army killed 70 peasants from a group who supported idea of seizing land themselves + Leo tolstoy freed his 200 serfs, setting precedent for change

1861 (for serfs)

primary schools went from 8000 to 23,000

1856-1880

secondary schools doubled to 800,000

1860s

uni students rose from 3600 to 10,000

1855-1880

populist ‘going to the people’ campgain

1873

show trials for 193 of the popilairsts who ‘went to the people’

1877-79

15% of peasants remained ‘temporary obliged’ to landlords (to stay on their land)

till 1881

universal military service for all men over 20, removing noble loopholes

1874

Constantine- liberal bro of Alex II- viceroy of Poland and est uni of Warsaw + proposed empication of polish serfs

1862 (Poland)

russian replaced polish as the official language of Poland, Warsaw uni closed and Russians replaced poles in adminidationn roles.

1869 (for poles)

proposals to conscript polish men into Russian army led to a armed insurrection

1863 (for poles)

Polish revoult over the disbandment of agricultural society, army killed 200 protesters.

1861 (Poland)

74% of seats in the provisional zemestva held by nobility

1865-67

Shavolov- 3rd section chief with increased power as following assiantion attempt 1866 Alex relied on ministers and retreated from public life. combined with the absence of more reforms, revoulintary sentiment increased

1867

2 more assiantiaon attempts on Alex II

1879

liberal minister of the interior melikov appointed (abolished 3rd section and helping Alex to create a National Assembly with nominated members) +winter palace bombing attempt failed.

1880

200 million acres of land owned by the gentry, but as peasants brought more land fell to 140 million acres (accounted for 90%).

mid 1870s

agrarian reforms in Poland mean 700,000 families peasant families given freehold tenure over land (no redemption payments), but roman Catholic Church did have land siezed

1864 (for poles)

balanced conclusion of a 30 marker

passage A is more convincing

despite passage B saying … ultimately XYZ

however passage B is more convincing as although is says X it says YZ