Cognitive Psych Exam 2

Long term memory + Conceptual Knowledge + Language (working memory on)

what are concepts?

mental categories of things, people, places, actions, etc.

what are prototypes?

the first thing that comes to mind and is usually a good representation of the concept

what are characteristics of concepts?

unique to each person, nested, and sometimes have blurred boundaries

how do concepts form?

“know it when you see it” by comparing similarities to our prototype

what is a prototype example?

comparing a hairless dog to a golden retriever

what is a production task?

simply list things that fall into a particular category

what is a sentence verification task?

true or false questions about the prototype

what is the response speed when the subject is closer to the prototype?

fast

what are rating tasks?

rating the subject based on typical-ness

what are ways to test prototypes?

production task, sentence verification task, and rating tasks

what is attractiveness correlated to, in prototypes?

more or less typical

what is the subordinate for bird?

Carolina chickadee

what is the superordinate for bird?

animal

what makes it easier to adjust categories?

exemplar

what is an exemplar?

provide info about category variability

what is conceptual knowledge?

a mic of exemplars and prototypes

what do prototypes and exemplars let us do?

determine category membership and recognize objects

how do atypical features change categorical membership?

they don’t

what is a morpheme?

the smallest unit of meaning in language

what is a phoneme?

smallest unit of sound

how many phonemes does English have?

around 40

what is phonology?

how speech is produced

what mouth feature produces voiced sounds?

vocal folds

How do lips and tongues make vowels?

modifying sounds

How do lips, teeth, and tongue make consonants?

make their own sound

what controls tone of voice?

shape of the nasal cavity and throats

what is voicing?

vocal folds open and close to produce vibrations

how are v, z, and n voiced?

voiced

how are f, s, and t voiced?

unvoiced

what is a characteristic of airflow for letters p, b, and t?

stops airflow

what is a characteristic of airflow for letters f, z, and r?

airflow continues

why do p and b vs. f and v vs. t and d sound different?

shape of lips

what is voicing?

vocal folds open and close to produce vibrations

how is speech made?

complex changes in sound pressure over time

what does disambiguate mean?

figure out which word is being said

what is coarticulation?

pronunciation of phonemes will change because of the surrounding phonemes

why do phonemes overlap?

planning for the next phoneme before finishing the previous one

what can change the way the same phoneme sounds?

context

what is phonemic restoration?

the ability to fill in the gaps in language due to previous experiences

what allows us to do phonemic restoration

top-down processing

what are the components of language?

syntax, semantics, grammar, context, and pragmatics

what are bed rot and doom scrolling examples of?

Language can create new combinations from existing units

what are rage bait and click bait examples of?

language is patterned

what tends to be the syntax structure for English?

subject-verb-object

what is prescriptive grammar?

enforcing syntax and other rules

what is descriptive grammar?

studying and explaining the rules that people use in their natural speech

what did Noam Chomsky believe?

all children are born with an innate language ability that allows them to produce and understand sentences never heard before

what does prosody communicate?

speakers intended meaning, emotion, urgency, and word meaning

what is prosody?

pitch and rhythm of speech

what are nonlinguistic non-prosody sounds?

laughter, screams, crying

what is reasoning?

how we think in a way to reach a conclusion

what is logic?

reasoning under strict principles

what do humans rely on more than logic?

heuristics

what is a logic syllogisms?

3-part logical argument with 2 premises leading to a conclusion

what is belief bias?

if a syllogism’s align with beliefs, people are more likely to think the syllogism is valid

what is attribute substitution?

relying on an easier kind of information

what is the availability heuristic?

information that is more readily available is believed to be more probable

what is the representativeness heuristic?

basing expectations for new things on a prior experience

what is confirmation bias?

believe information that supports our opinion and ignore contradicting evidence

what is the endowment effect?

placing an irrationally high value on our possessions

what is the gamblers fallacy?

believing an event is more likely to occur because it has been a while since it happened

what is the sunk cost fallacy?

continuing an endeavor after an investment has been made, regardless of the prospects of an endeavor

what is the dual process model?

type 1 thinking is fast and relies on gut reaction and type 2 thinking is slow and logical which requires more time and focus