PSYCH FINAL - unit 1 and 2

theories on why we need sleep

restore the body, consolidate memories, conserve energy, and support brain function.

cognitive theory of dreaming

dreams reflect our thoughts concerns info processing

tolerance in psychoactive drugs

repeated drug use reduces its effect, requiring larger doses for the same impact

difference between nightmares and night terrors

1. 1. Nightmares occur during REM sleep and are remembered

2. 2. night terrors occur in non-rem and are usually not remembered.

difference between awareness and arousal

1. Awareness- conscious perception of stimuli

2. arousal- level of alertness

biological approach to psychology

brain and body

2 types of groups in experimental method

1. 1. experimental- exposed to the independent variable and manipulated

2. 2. control- nothing happens

5 parts of the neuron DAMTS

1. dendrites

2. axon

3. mylon sheath

4. terminals

5. synapse

longitudinal research

tracking the same group of people over an extended period of time

humanistic approach to psychology

growth

cognitive approach to psychology

thinking

psychodynamic approach to psychology

unconscious

behavioral approach to psychology

learning

sociocultural approach to psychology

social context

difference between awareness and arousal

1. conscious perception of stimuli

2. level of alertness or activation

CNS

(brain and spinal cord) processes information,

4 ethical guidelines in psychological research IPCR

1. informed consent,

2. protection from harm,

3. confidentiality,

4. right to withdraw.

biological rhythms

natural cycles in the body like sleep-wake patterns

What is difficult about using correlational studies in psychological research

cannot determine cause and effect because they only show relationships

6 steps (in order) of the scientific method. QRHEAC

1. question,

2. research,

3. hypothesis,

4. experiment,

5. analyze,

6. conclude.

function of the endocrine system

releases hormones that regulate body processes like growth and mood.

the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable

1.manipulated,

2.what is measured.

theory

well-supported explanation of observed phenomena

What is the most widely used drug

caffeine

difference between N2 and N3 stages of sleep

N2- lighter more frequent with spindles

N3- deep sleep with slow delta waves

circadian rhythm

24-hour biological clock regulating sleep and other functions

difference between depressant drugs and stimulant drugs

Depressants- slow the nervous system

stimulants- increase activity

3 different levels of awareness

1. conscious- (awake)

2. subconscious- (automatic)

3. unconscious- (hidden processes)

plasticity

brain’s ability to change and adapt through experience

all-or-nothing principle

neuron fires completely or not at all.

placebo effect

expectations influence outcomes without active treatment

difference between a genotype and a phenotype

Genotype- genetic makeup

phenotype- observable traits

theory of mind

understanding others have different thoughts and feelings

behavior according to the science of psychology

any observable action of an organism

difference between AFFERENT and EFFERENT nerves

1 carry sensory info to the brain

2 carry motor commands away

difference between psychological and physical dependence on a drug

1. Psychological- emotional need

2. physical- involves withdrawal symptoms

What research method allows researchers to determine causality

Experiments

myoclonic jerks

sudden muscle twitches during sleep onset

myelin sheath

protective covering of the axon; thicker the sheath faster the neuron fires

action potential

nerve firing

glial cells

support neurons

dendrites

detect messages

synapse

the gap between the axon and the dendrites

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that carry signals from one neuron to another neuron

mental processes

internal activities like thinking, feeling, and remembering

incubation when we talk about levels of awareness

unconscious problem-solving that occurs after stepping away

dominant-recessive genes principle

Dominant genes mask recessive ones

biopsychosocial model

explains behavior through biological, psychological, and social factors

case study

examines one subject in depth

core principle of the Yerkes-Dodson Law

moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

fundamental difference between the conventional level versus the post

conventional level of moral development

1. follows social rules

2. based on personal principles.

key finding of the Bobo doll study

showed that children learn aggression through observation

standardization

ensures consistent testing

validity

measures accuracy

reliability

measures consistency

associative learning

learning by linking events or stimuli together

What type of learning are phobias likely a result of

classical conditioning

object permanence

understanding that objects still exist even when out of sight

taste aversion

learning to avoid a food after a negative experience

learned helplessness

someone stops trying after repeated failure

three types of childhood temperaments

1. easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up

Flynn effect

rise in IQ scores over time

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs PSLES

1. physiological- basic survival

2. safety- security

3. love and belongingness- social relationships

4. esteem- self-esteem

5. self-actualization- achieving personal fulfillment

main overall finding of Harlow’s experiment with monkeys

attachment is based on comfort, not just food

4 parenting styles AAPN

1. authoritative,

2. authoritarian,

3. permissive,

4. neglectful.

conservation

understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in form

main cognitive achievement of the preoperational stage of development

symbolic thinking

What type of jobs might you see with interpersonal intelligence

teaching, counseling, and leadership roles

confirmation bias

favors existing beliefs

hindsight bias

believing you knew it all along

secure attachment

means a child trusts caregivers and feels safe exploring

What two mental habits are essential to critical thinking

1. open-mindedness

2. skepticism.

long-term memory

permanent storage system for information;

short-term memory,

keeps information for a brief period

working memory

actively manipulates and processes information

positive and negative reinforcement.

Reinforcement increases behavior (positive adds, negative removes)

positive and negative punishment

punishment decreases behavior (positive adds, negative removes).

flashbulb memory

vivid memory of a significant event

Variable interval schedule

Reinforcement is given after unpredictable time intervals

Types of memory- sensory

briefly holds input

types of memory- explicit

conscious

types of memory- implicit

unconscious

types of memory- semantic

facts

types of memory- episodic

experiences

types of memory- procedural

skills

Four parts of Al Banduras encoding ARRR

1. Attention,

2. retention

3. reproduction

4. reinforcement

Generalization (classical conditioning)

Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

active learning that changes behavior we aren’t naturally born with through rewards and punishments

Operant conditioning

Shaping (operant conditioning)

Reinforcing small steps toward a desired behavior.

Primacy vs. recency effect

Primacy remembers first items; recency remembers last items.

4 Observational learning processes ARRM

1. Attention,

2. retention,

3. reproduction,

4. motivation.

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Weakening of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the US.

Continuous reinforcement

rewarding every correct response following a behavior to increase the likelihood that it will happen again

Fastest learning method

variable reinforcement

Encoding failure

Information is not processed into memory.

Chunking

Grouping information into meaningful units.

Dual-code theory

Information is stored both visually and verbally

what type of learning has the organism learn the association between a behavior and a consequence

Operant conditioning.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Temporary inability to recall known information.

Schemas

Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.