BIOLOGY 1103: ATOMS & MOLECULES

These flashcards cover key concepts such as chemical elements, atomic structure, molecular formation, properties of water, types of biological macromolecules, and functions of ATP in cellular processes.

What is an element?

A _ is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances chemically.

What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body?

The four most common chemical elements in the human body are , , ***, and ***.

What is a molecule?

An _ consists of two or more atoms bound together.

What is a compound?

A _ is a molecule of two or more different elements.

What happens during the formation of ionic bonds?

Ionic bonds form when atoms with incomplete valence shells ** or electrons to obtain a full electron shell.

What does a covalent bond involve?

A covalent bond involves the _ of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

What is the valence shell?

The _ shell is the outermost electron shell and is important for an atom's chemical behavior.

What do organic molecules always contain?

Organic molecules always contain ** and covalent bonds.

What do inorganic molecules usually lack?

Inorganic molecules often do not have carbon and usually lack _ bonds.

What is the nucleus of an atom?

The _ of an atom consists of protons and neutrons, while electrons reside in the electron shell.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion is called a *, and a negatively charged ion is called an ***.

What type of molecule is water considered?

Water is considered a _ molecule because it has polar covalent bonds and can dissolve other polar substances.

What is dehydration synthesis?

The process of _ synthesis involves the loss of a water molecule to form a covalent bond between two monomers.

What are hydrophobic substances?

Hydrophobic substances do not have an affinity for water and are typically _ molecules.

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

The main functions of carbohydrates are to provide energy, store energy, and serve as components of other molecules such as _ in DNA.

What do triglycerides consist of?

Triglycerides consist of a glycerol backbone attached to _ fatty acid chains.

What determines the primary and secondary structures of proteins?

The primary and secondary structures of proteins are determined by the _ of amino acids.

What are nucleotides?

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of _, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

What is the function of ATP?

ATP functions as the energy currency of cells and powers _ reactions, transport, and mechanical work.

What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids is known as a _ bond.

What are protons?

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

What are neutrons?

Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

What are electrons?

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus in electron shells.

How are ionic compounds formed?

Ionic compounds are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, leading to the formation of cations and anions.

What role does the valence shell play in chemical bonding?

The valence shell determines an atom's ability to bond with other atoms by indicating how many electrons are available for bonding.