life span and development

standard weight range at birth

6.6 - 7.7 lb

characteristics of infant airways

• airway is narrow, short, and easily obstructed

• nose and diaphragm are used for breathing

how do infants receive antibodies?

• antibodies are passed from mother to child during pregnancy

• antibodies are also passed through breastfeeding

infant reflexes:

• moro reflex (startle) - throws arms out, spreads fingers, and then grabs with fingers and arms

• palmar reflex - grasps objects placed in palm

• rooting reflex (hunger) - turns head to the side when cheek is touched

• sucking reflex - sucks when lips are stroked

infant sleep patterns

• initially sleeps 8-16 hours throughout the day and night

• soon changes to 4-6 hours during the day and 9-10 hours at night

• by 2-4 months, will sleep through the night

when do posterior fontanelles close?

2-3 months

when do anterior fontanelles close?

9-18 months

what do sunken fontanelles indicate?

dehydration

what do bulging fontanelles indicate?

without crying they indicate increased pressure inside the skull

infant bonding

the sense that needs will be met

trust versus mistrust

desire for an orderly, predictable environment

scaffolding

learning by building on what is already known

temperament

reaction to environment

body temperature range for a toddler

98.6 - 99.6 degrees Fahrenheit

what is the average weight gain for a toddler each year?

4.4 lb

when have all primary teeth come in?

by 36 months

when is toilet training possible?

• physically possible at 12-15 months

• not psychologically possible until 18-30 months

psychosocial development of toddlers:

• begins to understand that words have meaning

• begins to understand cause and effect

• develops separation anxiety

• begins to develop “magic thinking” and engages in play-acting

• masters language basics that are refined through childhood

psychosocial development of preschool age:

• interactive and social skills develop

• peer groups provide information about other families and the outside world

• peer interaction offers opportunity for learning, making comparisons, and being part of a group

body temperature range for school age children

98.6 - 101.3 degrees Fahrenheit

what is the weight gain and height growth for school age children per year?

• weight gain = 6.6 lb per year

• growth = 2.4 inches per year

psychosocial development of school age:

• parents spend less time with the child and provide general supervision

• decision-making skills develop

• self-esteem develops and is affected by popularity, rejection, emotional support, and neglect

• moral development begins based on rewards and punishments for behaviors

• moral reasoning appears and control of behavior shifts to internal sources

psychosocial development of adolescence:

• strives for independence and individual identity

• interest in sex develops

• body image becomes a concern

• may be prone to self-destructive behaviors

• personal code of ethics develop

psychosocial development of early adulthood:

• job and family stress levels are high

• marriage, childbirth, and child rearing often occur

• accidents are the leading cause of death

physiologic changes in middle adulthood:

• no significant changes occur in vital signs

• vision correction may be need

• cancer, high cholesterol, and heart disease often develop

• weight control becomes more difficult

• menopause may begin for women

psychosocial development in middle adulthood:

• task orientation increases

• problems are viewed as challenges rather threats

• empty-nest syndrome may occur

• is concerned about both adult children and elderly parents

physiological changes in late adulthood:

• vital signs depend on health and physical condition

• cardiovascular system is less efficient and blood volume decreases

• respiratory system deteriorates and increases the likelihood of respiratory disorders

• endocrine changes decrease metabolism

• sleep-wake cycle is disrupted

• other body systems deteriorate as time goes on

psychosocial development in late adulthood:

• faces challenges regarding living environment, self-worth, financial burdens, and death/dying

• motivation, personal interests, and activity level can enhance late adulthood