Exam Humanities year 10

By Tabatha

United nations

An intergovernmental organization founded in 1945 to promote international cooperation, peace, and security among nations. Its goals include addressing global issues like human rights, humanitarian aid, and development.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

1948

An international document adopted by the UN that includes the rights and freedoms of a human being that applies for all people purely on the basis that they are a human

Article 1 of the UDHR

Everyone is born free and equal in dignity and with rights

Emmet Till

14 year old boy who in 1955 was brutally kidnapped, beaten, shot in the head, tied to a metal fan and tossed into a river by 2 relatives of a woman who he allegedly harassed at a grocery store.

The 2 men, besides the overwhelming evidence posed against them, were not prosecuted and one of them admitted to committing the crime years after

all white jury

Rosa Parks

Coined the mother of the civil rights movement

A civil rights activist who, on the 1st of December 1955 refused to give up her seat in the ‘Black section’ of a bus for a white man.

For this, she was arrested and brought to court and fines $10 for the offence and $4 for the court fees neither of which she paid

This sparked the beginning of the bus boycott

Montgomery bus boycott

Started 5th of December 1955 and lasted until 21st of December 1956 -381 days

African Americans took up approx. 70% of bus users

on the 20th of December 1956, the courts deemed bus segregation unlawful and integrated the buses on December 20th

Martin Luther King jr

Baptist minister and social activist

led the 1963 march on Washington- i have a dream speech

Was awarded a Nobel peace price in 1964

Assassinated April 4 1968

March on Washington

1963

over 250 000 people gathered in Washington D.C to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans

Little Rock 9

In 1957, 9 black students enrolled in Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas

Governor Faubus called in the national guard to block their entry

President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort them into school

in 1958, Faubus closed all high schools to stop black students from attending and they stayed closed until 1959 August

Terra Nullius

Empty or Land belonging to no one

Struggles for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

Diseases

• Due to new diseases being spread like measles and small pox, within 10 years of the first British colonisation, 90% of Aboriginal settlements in NSW perished

Aboriginal Protection Boards

• Govt. institutions responsible for regulating the lives of ATSI peoples

Day of mourning

1938

Led by William Ferguson, William Cooper and Jack Patten

150th anniversary of the first British colonisation

Day to mourn the loss of country, freedom, and the death of their people

Argue that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples should be entitled to the same civil and political rights, should be counted in the Australian population and should be given citizenship

Became an annual holiday to celebrate aboriginal culture and was moved into July for NAIDOC week.

When was it first made possible for all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to vote in Australia

21 March 1962 though it wasn’t made compulsory until 1984

Bark Petition

Petition written on bark presented to the house of reps in 1963 to protest against PM Menzies wishes to build a mine on the Yolngu peoples land without making them aware of it first

This was the first native title litigation in Australian History

Australian freedom riders

A group of Sydney uni students who travelled to rural NSW to expose to wider Australia how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were treated there

Led by Charles Perkins- an Aboriginal Activist

12-27 Feb 1965

1967 Referendum

Enabled the commonwealth to make laws for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and included them in the national census

90% of voters voted yes

Gurindji Strike (Wave Hill Walk-Off)

Began August 1966- lasted 7 years

200 Gurindji stock men, domestic workers and their families were led by Vincent Lingiari to leave Wave Hill when they were being treated unfairly and unjustly paid

They requested for 3000km² land to be given to them

Wave Hill eventually gave up and gave it to them

PM Whiltam

in 1972, he said that one of his main goals for his presidency was to restore the rights to ownership of land to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

Mabo

1982

A group of Meriam peoples from the eastern Torres Strait lodged a case with the High Court for legal ownership of land

June 1992, 6/7 judges voted yes and introduced the principle of Native Title to the Australian legal system

Native title act

in 1993 the Mabo decision was put into statutory law

Stolen Generations

the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who were forcefully removed from their families between 1910 and 1970 by Australian state and federal government agencies and church missions

1 in 3 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were taken

• 1 in 5 of those children were fostered/adopted

• 1 in 10 were put in institutions and reported being abused and never paid for their work

Bringing them home report

Recommendations

1. the Australian government should set up and fund a system that reconnects members of the stolen generations to their lost families

2. All the Australian state and federal governments should issue an apology

1997

The Apology

in 2008, PM Rudd issued an apology to all ATSI peoples, following reccomendation 2 of the Brining them home report

Apologised for all the past mistreatment

Contemporary reconciliation

the movement for Aboriginal Civil rights and the process of reconciliation continues to this day. since the 1960s, there has been much change in Australia in an attempt to right the wrongs of Past generations and to support Australia’s Fist nations peoples right to self determination

Macroeconomics relevance to businesses

Knowing the state of the economy helps plan strategy, future investments and estimate profits

Macroeconomics relevance to Citizens

Make informed decisions on employment, purchasing of major assets, investments, wealth creation and votinf

Macroeconomics relevance to government

need to know the economic situation in order to create policy to manage the economy and achieve their macroeconomic objectives

GPD

Gross Domestic Product

the main measure of economic growth

Measures the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy each year

Measured in $ terms (usually USD)

Includes

• household spending (consumption)

• Business

• Government spending

Inclusions

• re building after a natural disaster

• weapons production

• unhealthy production (tobacco, junk food, etc.)

• production of pollutants such as coal

Exclusions

• volunteer work

• caring for family work

• house work

• leisure time

• environmental quality

• many important wellbeing factors

__________________________________________________________________________

• GDP is a measure of money - nothing else

Inflation

An increase in the level of prices of the goods and services that households buy

measured in the rate of changes of those prices

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

A quarterly measurement of the prices of around 100 000 commonly used goods and services that shows the changes in prices

Causes of inflation

Consumer Activity

• Rising demand

Increasing costs

• Chain reaction

Monetary policy

the manipulation of interest rates by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to influence the price levels and level of economic activity in the economy

Fiscal Policy

the manipulation of government spending and taxation to influence the level of economic activity in the economy

economic growth

an increase in the value of the goods and services produces by an economy over time. It is usually measured as a percentage change in real GDP

Cyclical unemployment

Occurs when the level of spending in the economy falls

• i.e a business is making fewer sales, so they cut employees

Boom/peak

Economic growth and general activity is above average

• High consumption expenditure

• high output/production

• low unemployment rates

• high levels of business profits

• confidence throughout the economy (Business and consumer)

• Above target inflation rates

why must economic growth be controlled

strain natural resources

increase inequality

Unemployment rate formula

Number of unemployed people ÷ labour force

Sustainable economic growth range (GDP)

• 2-4%

RBA inflation target

• 2-3%

Unemployment

• 4-5%

Inflation rate (annual %) formula

CPI this year - CPI last year ÷ CPI last year

Real GDP

A measure of a country’s gross domestic product that has been adjusted for inflation

Structural unemployment

Occurs to changes in the way goods and services are produced, leading to a mismatch of skills

• eg. AI taking over

Major causes

• automation + outsourcing

Disproportionately affect lower paid and lower skilled jobs

Contraction

Due to the negatives caused by booms (inflation) the government puts in place contractionary economic policy to reduce the level of activity

Fiscal policy

• increasing taxes and/or spending rate

Monetary policy

• increasing official interest rate

decrease in spending, investment, profit and confidence

unemployment will rise and inflation will drop

Happens quickly

Seasonal unemployment

Results from the termination of jobs at the same time each year due to the regular change in season

• eg. someone working as a fruit picker, ski lift operator etc.

what is macroeconomics and why is it studied

Macroeconomics

• the study of the economy as a whole

• the total aggregate level of economic activity (production, expenditure and income)

Analysing data about the state of the economy means that we can identify problems and their courses and create strategies to deal with or prosper from them

Real wages

income expressed in terms of purchasing power as opposed to actual money received

in regards to inflation

Frictional unemployment

Unemployed between one job and another or entering the work force for the first time

small amount of frictional unemployment is important because it means that people are seeking opportunities and are able to change jobs if they wish

Trough

Economic activity ‘bottoms out’ sometimes bringing a recession

• low levels of consumption expenditure

• low levels of output/production

• low levels of inflation

• increase levels in savings

• low consumer and business confidence

• highest unemployment rates

The govt. will usually bring about expansionary policy to boost the levels of economic activity to start an upswing

why economic growth matters

it changes the overall quality of life of a person

• produces enough goods + services

• improves quality and variety of goods

• creates job opportunities

• raising living standards

Effects of high inflation

decreased purchasing power for consumers

increases in interest rates

worsening income inequality

Business cycle

the regular fluctuations in economic activity over time. It is categorised with distinct phases (peak, contraction, trough and expansion) and is measured in GDP unemployment

Dash line

• what the government would ideally like to happen based off fiscal and monetary policy

Trend line

• average growth over time

Why is GDP important

gives us a snapshot of the economy

• this years vs previous years

businesses

• who to hire and if they should hire or fire more people

consumers

• jobs to choose/move to, what to buy and from where

government

• adjusting taxes

Upswing/expansion

during a trough, the government will put expansionary policy in place to start an upswing

Fiscal policy

• decrease taxes and/or increasing spending

Monetary policy

• decreasing the official interest rate

Can take time but we know it is working when we see GDP and inflation start to increase back into its targets as well as a decrease in unemployment

Recession

a period of two successive quarters (six months) of negative GDP growth

how does unemployment rate relate to economic growth

a high unemployment rate = a decrease in economic growth and leads to an overall lower standard of living for the population

a low unemployment rate = an increase in economic growth and leads to an overall higher standard of living for the population