KPER 1500 2nd half

what is biomechanics

study of internal/external forces acting on the body and their effects

what does biomechanics contribute to

knowledge of human movement (movement analysis, equipment design, mechanisms of injuries)

Kinesiology and biomechanics are _______________-

integrally related

What are other fields of biomechanics can be applied to

Kinesiology, natural sciences, mathematics, engineering, health sciences

Why might one study biomechanics

understand forces affecting movement/body,

improve movements/performance,

design/conduct programs to enhance movement skills

Developmental biomechanics

Studies movement patterns and how they change across the lifespan and with disabled peoples

clinical biomechanics

rehab and prevention of injury/disease from movement disorders

equipment design

increase performance through changing equipment

what is linear motion

linear motion of the whole body

what is angular motion

body moves circular path/rotates about axis of rotation, while body segments rotate with their joints

what is needed to get general motion

linear motion + angular motion

what is general motion

body/segments move linearly and rotate at same time

what is force

any action that causes and object to change state of motion by acceleration

what types of application forces do biomechanics study on the body

internal or external

when should the impact of a force gradually reduce or spread

over a large surface and over time

linear mortion

force acting on center of mass/pivot point

angular motion

force not acting on COM/pivot point which results in torque

torque

movement of force

sagittal plane

right and left halves and median/mid sagittal plane

frontal/coronal plane

anterior and posterior

tranverse/axial plane

superior and inferior

what is included in linear motion

velocity and acceleration

velocity

speed/direction of body

acceleration

change in velocity over time

what is included in angular motion

angular velocity/acceleration

angular velocity

angel that is rotated in a given unit of time

angular acceleration

change of angular velocity for a unit of time

what is the Centre of mass

point around which bodys mass is equally distributed in all directions

newtons first law (law of inerita)

object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an external force.

Newton's Second Law (law of acceleration)

Force equals mass times acceleration.

Newtons third law (law of action and reation)

for every action theres an equal and opposite reaction

what is a lever system

mechanical device performing angular motion

what are the components of a level system

axis of rotation/fulcrum (pivot point)

load(resistance) arm- attached to fulcrum

force arm-attached to fulcrum

applied force (muscle in human body)

load (resistance)

how does lever systems work in the body

Muscles (applied force) pull on Bones(load/force arm) rotate about Joints (fulcrum) to move Loads(resistance)

how do levers work

force applied ----> if the turning effect of the force > resistance ---> rotation at fulcrum happens

force arm

FA

resistance arm

RA

lever with a mechanical advantage have what

FA>RA

lever with a speed advantage have what

RA>FA

what are the 3 types of levers

1st,2nd,3rd class

what causes there to be different classes of levers

mechanic and how components are positioned compared to the axis, resistance, force

first class levers

applied force/resistance on opposite sides of axis

(crowbar)

what would a first class lever be in the human body

Head flexion

what advantages do first class levers give

speed or mechanical based on where axis is placed

second class levers

Applied force and resistance on same side of axis with resistance closer to axis

(wheelchair)

what is a second class lever in the human body

toe raises

what type of advantage to do second class levers give

always mechanical (FA>RA)

third class lever

applied force and resistance on same side of axis with force closer to axis

(fishing)

third class lever in the human body

forearm flexion

what type of advantage do third class levers give

always speed advantage (RA>FA)

what are the major study areas in biomechanics

quantitavive/qualitative analysis, kinematics, kinetics

what is quantitative analysis

using high-tech instruments to measure variables to optimize function/athletic performance

examples of instruments used for quantitative analysis

foot forces on sprinters start block (force platforms),

muscle contraction sequence during running (EMG),

3-D arm movements of a stroke survivor (Motion capture)

what is qualitative analysis

using sight/hearing/video to identify and correct errors

who uses qualitative analysis

mostly coaches and teachers

what do coaches and teachers use in qualitative analysis to guid observation

performance checklist

quote of what qualitative analysis is

"observe, analyze and correct"

what does kinematics do

describes motion without talking about the forces that cause it

what are kinematics measurements (like quantitative)

time, displacement, velocity, acceleration

what does kinetics do

describes motion based on the forces that cause it

what are used in kinetics

internal forces (muscles pulling on bones, bone on bone, inside joints),

external forces (without contact (gravity) from contact with the group, opponent or equipment)

instruments

computer (simulation/analysis),

motion capture,

high speed imaging,

videography,

anthropometry (measure body comp),

timing devices/chromoscopes

electrogoniometry (joint angles),

electromyography (EMG-muscle activity)

dynamography (force, pressure)

telemetry (wireless data transmission from sensors),

wind tunnels

exercise physiology

the study of the effects of exercise on the body and how the body responds and adapts to physical activity.

what are hypokinetic diseases

diseases caused by lack of physical activity, often combined with poor diet

what are some examples of hypokinetic diseases

Coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, chronic back pain, and obesity.

what is physical inactivity a risk factor for

increase risk of chronic disease, morbidity, morality

what is physical fitness

ability of the bodys systems to function efficiently/effectively

what are the 5 health related components to physical fitness

Body composition

Cardiorespiratory endurance

Muscular strength

Muscular endurance

Flexibility

what are the 6 skill-related components to physical fitness

Agility

Balance

Coordination

Power

Reaction time

Speed

physical activity recommendations

150 minutes per week of moderate/vigourous

several hours light activity

muscle strengthing at least twice a week

sleep recommendation

7-9 hours with consistant wake/sleep times

sedentary behaviour recommendations

limit 8 hours

3< hours recreation screen time

break up long periods of sitting

What is the overload principle?

to improve fitness, the body must be challenged with a greater workload than normal.

What is the specificity principle?

Training must target the specific muscles or skills you want to improve.

What is the progression principle?

The training stimulus must gradually increase as the body adapts.

What is the reversibility principle?

Fitness gains are lost when training stops ("use it or lose it").

Which declines faster during detraining: endurance or strength?

Cardiorespiratory endurance declines faster than maximal strength.

What is the principle of variation?

Changing workouts helps maintain interest and continue progress.

What is the individuality principle?

People respond differently to exercise and improve at different rates.

principle of recovery

It allows the body to repair and adapt to exercise stress.

What does FITT stand for?

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type.

What is training frequency?

Number of exercise sessions per week.

How often should someone exercise to improve fitness?

3-5 times per week.

How often is needed to maintain fitness?

2-3 times per week.

What is training intensity?

how hard the body works during exercise.

What is a common intensity range for cardiorespiratory training?

55-90% of maximum heart rate.

what is the intensity elements of strength training

resistance, number of reps

What does training time refer to?

Duration of exercise session.

what is training volume

element of training time and depends on the activity type

Formal fitness activities

main goal to develop fitness

informal fitness activities

Main goal is the social experience

what is the the FITT formula for cardiorespiratory endurance

frequency= 3-5

intensity=55-90% of maximum heart rate or 40%-85% heart rate reserve

time= 20-60min

type= aerobic, whole body

what are aerobic training activities

running, swimming, cycling, dancing, cross country skiing

What are the three energy system?

Short term and high intensity, long lasting, and low of moderate intensity, between the two extremes

what type of systems are used in short term, high intensity, activities

anaerobic (phosphagen and glycolytic)

What types of systems are used in long lasting low to moderate intensity activities

oxidative

what systems are used in the between the 2 extremes

shift between anaerobic and aerobic, but as you increase duration, oxidative system increases

what fuels all biochemical processes

ATP

how does hydrolysis liberate energy for muscle contraction

ATP---> water----> ADP + P

how does ATP resynthsize from the energy breakdown of macronutrients

ADP + P gets extra P from phosphocreatine---> ATP and creatine to restart all over again