bio 4 final

Make an observation and use scientific method:

•  hotter throughout the day than night.

Hypo: sun makes it hotter, prediction: sun will always make day hotter than night

confirmation bias

• the tendency to only follow information from preconceived ideas/notions, example: vaccines, sport fandoms, religion. Avoided by looking at all types of research

5 characteristics that help define life in general:

 evolve, reproduction, growth/development, interacts with environment, and organization (homeostasis/metabolism) Yes, without these characteristics you won’t be classified

oxygen atom

•  three rings, front ring O, middle ring 2, 6 outside ring (energy shell)

hydrogen bond

• weak bonds that form between electronegative atoms and electropositive atoms in nearby molecules, helps waters properties and help with DNA replication and protein unfolding

enzymes

• proteins that help chemical reactions take place inside living things (essential to all living things, involved in nearly all cellular processes), DNA copying, photosynthesis, digestion, facilitate chemical reactions

5 general functions that can be served by proteins:

•  blood clotting, muscle contraction, immunity, cell movements, structural support

Describe the general costs and benefits of using sugar and fat as a source of energy:

• Fats: provide more energy than an equivalent amount of carbs Carbs: less energy, but faster access (tradeoff of both) example: bear and hibernation, eating better before sleeping fats, carbs for everyday life

3 similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

• both have cell membranes, cytosol, genetic material, energy currency

3 differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

•  prokaryotic DNA not as organized as euro, size difference pro is smaller than euro, and pro single celled and euro multicellular

Differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion:

• active transport carrier proteins use ATP to move things against concentration gradient (uphill/backwards) vs facilitated diffusion: diffusion through carrier proteins (act like a gated tunnel)

Imagine that you are looking at some cells under a microscope in lab and you add a drop of very salty water to the slide. You then observe that the cell rapidly shrivels up. What do you think happened to the cell? What form of membrane transport was involved?:

• water moves out of the cell due to osmosis, the salt makes the water move out of the cell to a region of higher solute concentration.

Explain, in detail (including the summary chemical reactions for PS and aerobic RS that I presented in lecture) how your ability to pick up a heavy rock (or ride a bike, or dance, etc.) is ultimately dependent upon sunlight. How does this process demonstrate the law of conservation of energy?:

•  depends on sunlight because plants convert their solar energy to chemical energy, which makes photosynthesis. We then grow plants and eat them, and also eat the animals that eat these plants. Aerobic respiration gathers more energy/ATP to create more photosynthesis

Specific function of DNA:

• stores and transmits genetic info, for reproduction of organisms. We get the genetic info from our parents, why we resemble them

base complementarity

•  the key to reliable info transmitting, Transcription: getting the message out, enzymes do this, DNA encodes the instructions to make a protein sequence

Translation: from nucleic acid to protein language - 3 types of RNA in this process, translates to protein language, makes protein

specific nucleotides pair with each other in DNA and RNA, ensuring accurate genetic information transfer.

Consider a bird with 30 chromosomes in each body cell. If one of those body cells divides, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell? How many chromosomes are in each of the bird’s gametes? How many chromosomes will the body cells of the bird’s son have?:

3, 15, 30

What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of the following mating: A heterozygous, smooth seeded plant X a wrinkle seeded plant. Smooth is dominant over wrinkled?:

50% and 50% make a punnett square

Why do we look and act the way that we do? And why do offspring tend to look and act like their parents? Provide a clear and organized summary, describing the various factors involved:

•  complex behavior of genetics and our living environment. We inherit genes from our parents which makes us have shared traits. If we live with our parents, we also inherit their opinions and beliefs, nature vs. nurture. Twins from diff parents come from same DNA but different opinions

cancer

• disruption of cell cycle- cellular reproduction occurs indefinitely (mass of dividing cells=tumor)

malignant

invasive and may spread

benign

contained within a capsule

metastasis

cells travel to other parts of the body to start a new tumor

why cancer is a genetic disease

diseases caused by one or more mutations to DNA (alternate alleles) and which can be inherited from parents to offspring if the mutations occur in gametes, which is how cancer genes can be spread. Also can be environmental, smoking, tanning UV rays

Cardiovascular disease nature vs nurture:

• People w diff genetic makeup can be more or less susceptible to some non genetic diseases. Eating certain foods can also be bad for you

tissue

group of cells that perform the same function

organ

a structure made up of tissues

organ system:

organs working together to perform functions for an organism

general functions of 11 systems

• working together , The skeletal and muscular systems work together to promote movement.The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to deliver oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide. The endocrine system works with the digestive system to promote metabolism, and works with the reproductive systems to promote reproduction

skeletal system

• provides framework for muscles to attach, making movement possible, houses bone marrow, protects soft organs, stores minerals

muscular system

supports posture and enables body to move

nervous system

• detects, interprets, responds to stimuli from outside/within the body. With endocrine system, coordinates all organ functions

endocrine system

• produces hormones and works with the nervous system to control many body functions, including reproduction, response to stress, and metabolism

reproductive system

• manufactures gametes and enables the female to carry and give birth to offspring

digestive system

breaks down nutrients into chemical components that are small enough to enter the circulation. Eliminates undigested food

circulatory system

•  vessels carry blood throughout the body, nourishing cells, delivering oxygen, and removing wastes

respiratory system

•  delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide, helps control blood pH

urinary system

• excretes nitrogenous wastes and maintains volume and composition of body fluids

integumentary system

• protects the body, controls temperature, and conserves water

immune and lymphatic system

•  protects body from infection, injury, and cancer

descent with modification

• From generation to generation, populations descent from their ancestors, and their traits are modified in the process

Why is evolution the theory of unifying theory of biology

• it provides a comprehensive framework explaining the diversity of life and the relationships among all organisms.

principle of natural selection

Natural selection is the process through which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.  

reproductive isolation

refers to a set of mechanisms that prevent different species from interbreeding and producing viable offspring. Geographic, biological, mechanical,

ecology

• the study of relationships between organisms and their physical and biological environment 

population ecology

• interactions among members of same species

community ecology

• interactions among members of different species

ecosystem ecology

• interactions between the living community and the non-living environment

producer

•  any organism that converts energy and materials from inorganic sources to organic material 

consumer

•  any organism that gets its energy and materials only by eating organic material

predation

hunting others for food

herbivory

only eating plants

mutualism

both feeding off each other, using resources, positively

parasitism

one person leeches off of another organism

competition

organisms fight each other for resources

Explain why primary consumers in a community typically have greater total energy than secondary consumers, which always have greater total energy than tertiary consumers. How does this situation relate to the efficiency of human agriculture?:

• energy is transferred between trophic levels, metabolic processes, movement, and waste. Human agriculture: feeding at lower trophic levels (plants) is more efficient than feeding at higher levels (animals), which is a key principle in sustainable food production 

dominant species

• any species that has a large impact on diversity of their community, because they themselves are abundant (big effect on the other species because there are lots of them) kelp

keystone species

• any species that has a disproportionately large impact on the diversity of its community, despite itself having a small abundance (big impact on other species, despite their being relatively few of them) sea otter

ecosystem engineer

• a species that greatly modifies the habitat, this impacting all of the other species that live there coral reef

law of conservation of energy

• energy cannot be created or destroyed, ecosystems have certain organisms that produce and reuse energy in different ways

What are the two primary climatic factors that determine the location of terrestrial biomes? Why are these two factors so important in determining, for example, whether an area will support a desert versus a tropical rain forest?:

 temperature and precipitation. Desert gets no rain but high temperatures, tropical rain forest gets lots of rain + high temp

3 ways that ecosystems provide provisioning services to humanity:

• food production, water supply, and timber/raw materials, medicine

2 ways that ecosystems provide supporting services to humanity:

• regulate climate and purify air/water/soil

3 ways that ecosystem provide supporting services to humanity:

• pollination, pest control, seed dispersal

4 diff ways a forest might provide service to humanity:

• lower temperature, increase humidity on local scale, support ecosystems, and supplying resources to humans, 

3 ways a wetland ecosystem might provide service to humanity:

• flood protection, protection from erosion, water filtration

4 main contributors of modern mass extinction:

•  habitat destruction + pollution, overexploitation, climate change, and invasive species

slash and burn

• cut forests and burn wood on site to add nutrients to soil for agriculture

clear cutting

•  logging practice that removes vegetation from an area (takes nutrients away from system)

selective logging

• practice where some trees are removed but other trees are left to regenerate the forest

What is the main way in which nutrient storage differs between temperate and tropical forests? How does this difference impact the potential for forest re-growth following deforestation? How is agriculture affected?:

• temperate forests store nutrients in soil which is tropical in plants, trees, and organisms. Tropical forests soil gets ruined, but temperate soil can recover

What are exotic and invasive species and what are some problems they can cause? Why might an invasive species be so much more abundant in its new range, relative to its original range?

•  Invasive species: exotic species whose populations grow substantially larger than in their native range, disrupting natural communities Exotic species: species that have been introduced to a new community through direct/indirect human activity

greenhouse effect

• warming earth because trapping heat, a natural process, sunlight bounces off the ground as heat Water traps heat, CO2 traps, Nitrous Oxide, increase/decrease

3 ways species might become threatened for climate change

 loss and disruption of habitat, migration patterns, and increased extinction risk because of high temps

endangered species act (1973)

prevent extinction of species, as well as their ecosystems. Some pitfalls: Difficult to delineate species vs. populations How much habitat should be protected? Often, pits the needs of an individual species against economic interest.

biodiversity hotspots

 regions with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species that are under significant threat due to habitat loss, making them critical for global conservation. Limited by cost, human oversight, and habitat loss. Cant save all species