Phy module 1

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment despite changes outside the body.

Physiology

the study of homeostasis

Negative Feedback

Bring a value back to normal (set point).

Positive Feedback

Makes a change bigger until a goal is reached.

1. In Vitro

Testing on cells in a lab dish

2. In Vivo

Testing inside a living organism

step 3

Animal Testing

4. Phase I Trials

Healthy humans for dosage and safety info

5. Phase II Trials

People with the disease, targeted population, does it work

6. Phase III Trials

Large populations

7. Phase IV Trials

After approval

Purpose:

• Look for other uses

Cell

Basic unit of life

Tissue

Group of similar cells

Organ

Group of tissues

Organ System

Group of organs

Organism

Entire body, able to keep homeostasis

Muscle Tissue

Function:

• Movement

• Force production

Examples:

• Heart

• Arms

• Intestines

2. Nervous Tissue

Function:

• Electrical communication

Examples:

• Brain

• Spinal cord

• Nerves

3. Epithelial Tissue

Function:

• Covers surfaces

• Absorbs substances

• Secretes substances

Examples:

• Skin

• Intestines

• Glands

4. Connective Tissue

Function:

• Support

• Connect

• Protect

Examples:

• Bone

• Cartilage

• Blood

• Fat

proton

postive charge

neutron

neutral charge

electron

negative charge

These make up 99% of the body:

CHON

Covalent Bonds

Atoms SHARE electrons.

Strongest bond.

Nonpolar Covalent

Electrons shared equally.

usually hydrophobic

Polar Covalent

Electrons shared unequally.

usually hydrophilic

Ionic Bonds

One atom steals electrons.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attraction between molecules.

Body Composition

About 60% water

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Inside cells

2/3 of body water

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Outside cells

1/3 of body water

11. Carbohydrates

• Quick energy

Lipids

fats

Primary protein structure

Amino acid sequence

Secondary protein structure

• Alpha helix

• Beta sheet

Tertiary protein structure

Overall 3D shape

Quaternary protein structure

Multiple protein chains together

Nucleic Acids

Store genetic information.

DNA bases

ATCG

RNA bases

AUCG

ATP

energy currency of cell

Diffusion

Movement from:

High concentration →
Low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water.

Water moves:

High water concentration →
Low water concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses transport proteins.

Still:

• High → Low concentration

• No ATP required

Primary Active Transport

Requires ATP.

Example:

• Sodium-Potassium Pump

Secondary Active Transport

Uses energy from another ion's movement.

No direct ATP use.

Symport

Both substances move same direction.

Antiport

Substances move opposite directions.

Endocytosis

Moves materials INTO cell.

Exocytosis

Moves materials OUT of cell.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.