RT207 FINALS

Health

WHO:

"A dynamic state of complete physical, mental, and social

well-being and not merely an absence of any disease or infirmity."

Health Care

multitude of services rendered to individuals, families, or communities by the agents of health services or professions for the purpose of promoting, preventing, maintaining, monitoring, or restoring health.

System

set of interrelated and independent parts designed to achieve a set of goals.

Health Care System

An organization of people,

institutions, and resources that

deliver health care services to

meet the health needs of target

populations.

Input - Health care services - Health Care System - Output

Model of Health Care Delivery System

Input

Health status or health problems of the community. They represent the health needs of the community.

Health Care Services

They are designed to meet the Health care needs of the community through the use of available knowledge and resources. The services should be community-based.

Health Care System

It is intended to deliver health care services. It includes the management sector and involves organizational matters.

Output

It is the outcome of the system. Whether the health status has improved or changed. It includes the terms "lives saved, "deaths averted", "diseases prevented", etc.

Health Care Team

Consists of the health professionals with the training and skills needed to provide high-quality, coordinated care specific to the patient's clinical needs and circumstances.

Physicians

A doctor of medicine or osteopathy

Registered Nurses

Provide patient care, which is often required 24 hours a day

Vocational Nurses

Works with patients under the supervision of a registered nurse

Occupational and Physical Therapists

Members of a profession that work in the rehabilitative area of health care.

Pharmacists

Prepares and dispenses medications and oversees the patient's drug therapy.

Respiratory Therapist

Maintains or improves the patient's respiratory status.

Laboratory Technologist

Analyzes laboratory specimens for pathologic conditions.

Social Workers

Counsel patients and refer them for assistance to appropriate agencies.

Emergency Department Physician

Specializes in trauma and emergency situations;

a triage expert in disaster situations.

Family Practice Physician

treats individuals and families in the context of daily life

Gastroenterologist

Diagnoses and treats diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Geriatrician

Specializes in problems and diseases of elderly persons

Gynecologist

Treats problems and diseases of the female reproductive

system.

Hospitalist

A specialist, often an internist, who treats patients

in a hospital setting.

intensivist

Specialist, often a pulmonologist, who treats patients in the

intensive care unit

internist

Specializes in the medical care of treatment of adults

Obstetrician

Specializes in pregnancy, labor, delivery, and immediate

postpartum care.

Oncologist

Specializes in tumor identification and treatment.

Ophthalmologist

Diagnoses and treats problems and diseases of the eye.

Otorhinolaryngologist

Specializes in conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.

Pathologist

Specializes in the scientific study if the alterations in the

body caused by disease and death.

Pediatrician

Specializes in the care, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases

affecting children.

Pulmonologist

Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the

lungs.

Psychiatrist

Specializes in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness

Radiologist

Specializes in diagnosis by means of medical imaging.

Abdominal

Specializes in surgery of the abdominal cavity.

Plastic

Restores or improves the appearance and function of

exposed body parts

Neurologic

Specializes in surgery of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system.

Orthopedic

Diagnoses and treats problems of the musculoskeletal system

Thoracic

Specializes in surgery involving the chest

Radiologist

- Members of the medical staff

- Serves as consultants in one or more of the imaging

modalities in radiology

- Must interpret each examination and provide a report

to the referring physician

Radiology Manager

Supervises several groups of employees, such as

those in general radiography, nuclear medicine,

ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI), and radiation therapy

Lead Radiographer

- Manages the day-to-day activities in the radiography department.

- Department coordinator / Chief Technologist

Staff Radiographer

May report directly to the chief radiographer or to a lead radiographer.

Support Staff

May include administrative assistants, receptionists, biomedical technologists, equipment maintenance engineers, etc.

Bone Densitometry

An enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone mineral content and density

Cardiac-Interventional and Vascular-Interventional Technology

Employs the use of sophisticated fluoroscopic equipment in minimally invasive procedures to help diagnose and treat heart and blood vessel diseases without surgery.

Computed Tomography

Diagnostic imaging used to create cross-sectional images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood vessels.

Limited X-ray Machine Operators

Individuals other than a radiographer who perform static diagnostic radiographic images on selected anatomical sites.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer generated radio waves to create useful diagnostic images.

Mammography

Specialized medical imaging that uses a low-dose x-ray system to examine breasts

Medical Dosimetrist

Radiation Therapy Practitioner responsible for production of patients treatment plan and any associated quality

Medical dosimetrist

- must maintain a high degree of accuracy in

treatment planning optimization, treatment techniques and positioning.

- assist the radiation oncologist in localizing the

treatment area, generate a treatment plan and actively communicate with the radiation oncology team to enable and ensure the appropriate transfer of information.

Nuclear Medicine

A specialized area of radiology that uses very small amount of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure.

Quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement

Quality management has four main components:

Quality management

Focuses on the means to achieve image and service quality

Radiation Therapy

Treatment of cancer and other diseases using radiation

Radiography

Used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structure of the body to assess the presence or absence of disease, foreign objects, and structural damage or anomaly.

Radiographers

independently perform or assist the licensed practitioner i

the completion of radiographic and fluoroscopic procedures.

Radiologist Assistant

- is an advanced practice radiologic technologis

who works under the supervision of a radiologist.

- act as liaisons between patients, radiographers,

radiologists and other members of the health care team.

Sonography

Diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic visual images of organs, tissues or blood flow inside the body

Standard One - Assessment

The radiographer collects pertinent data about the patient the procedure.

Standard Two - Analysis/Determination

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional analyzes the information obtained during the assessment phase and develops an action plan for completing the procedure.

Standard Three - Education

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional provides information about the procedure and related health issues according to protocol; informs the patient, public and other health care providers about procedures, equipment and facilities; and acquires and maintains current knowledge in practice

Standard Four - Performance

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional performs the action plan and quality assurance activities.

Standard Five - Evaluation

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional determines whether the goals of the action plan have been achieved, evaluates quality assurance results and establishes an appropriate action plan.

Standard Six - Implementation

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional implements the revised action plan based on quality assurance results

Standard Seven - Outcomes Measurement

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional reviews and evaluates the outcome of the procedure according to quality assurance standards.

Standard Eight - Documentation

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional documents information about patient care, procedures and outcomes.

Standard Nine - Quality

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional strives to provide optimal care.

Standard Ten - Self-Assessment

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional evaluates personal performance.

Standard Eleven - Collaboration and Collegiality

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional promotes a positive and collaborative practice atmosphere with other members of the health care team.

Standard Twelve - Ethics

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional adheres to the profession's accepted ethical standards.

Standard Thirteen - Research, Innovation and Professional Advocacy

The medical imaging and radiation therapy professional participates in the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of the profession.

- Considerate and Respectful care

- Information

- Privacy and Confidentiality

- Informed Consent

- Right to Refuse Treatment or Examination

- Death with Dignity

Fundamental rights:

Considerate and Respectful Care

Professional behavior

applies to all patients

regardless of status.

Information

- Names and qualifications of those

providing their care

- Risks involved in any anticipated

procedures.

- Copies of their billing records,

medical records, and diagnostic

images.

Privacy

Respecting patients' modesty and maintaining the

patients' sense of personal dignity, especially during

sensitive procedures

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 2003

The ... was

enacted in ... under the US Department of Health and Human

Services (HHS) to protect the privacy rights of patients.

Genetic Information

Ethical dilemmas surrounding

genetic screening and the need

for patient consent for the use of

biological material in research.

Informed consent

Necessary for any procedure that

involves substantial risk or is considered

experimental.

Right to Refuse Treatment or Examination

Patients can refuse treatment or revoke consent at

any time during a procedure.

End-of-life care

Ethical balance between preserving life and

honoring the right to die with dignity.

do not resuscitate

DNR

Do not intubate

DNI

Advance Directive

A document outlining medical wishes if

the patient is unable to communicate.

Durable power of attorney

Appointment of a representative

to make health care decisions.

Radiology Information Management System (RIMS)

allows the technologist access to

pertinent information about a patient: room number, allergies, and reports

of the imaging studies and other diagnostic tests.

Chart

An extensive compilation of information, such as an

emergency department record or a hospitalized patient's online

record.

Patient Medical Records

Almost always in a digital format

called an electronic medical record (EMR) or e-chart.

Charting

The process of adding any information to a chart or to a

document that will be incorporated into a chart

Requisitions and reports

Are medicolegal records and may be

filed with the images or separately.

paper x-ray requisition

can also serve as the order for a

diagnostic procedure. It includes patient data, a brief medical

history, examination to be performed, specific instructions, and

the name of the ordering physician.

- Patient data

- A brief medical history

- examination to be performed

- specific instructions

- the name of the ordering physician

A paper X-ray requisition includes:

Patient Assessment

is important when setting priorities. It is the

responsibility of the radiographer to determine how to sequence

patients effectively.

History

The ... also helps the radiologist to focus the interpretation to meet the referring physicians needs

Acknowledge, Introduce, Duration, Explain, Thanks

AIDET

- Open-ended questions

- Facilitation

- Silence

- Reflection or reiteration

- Clarification or probing

- Summarization

To improve data-gathering when obtaining a history, use the following

questioning techniques to encourage communication and prevent the

patient from wandering off the subject:

Onset

How did it start? What happened? When did it first trouble you?

Was it sudden or a complaint that gradually got worse?

Duration

Have you ever had it before? Has it been continuous? Does it

bother you all the time? How long has this attack been bothering you?