history study guide

Robert E. Lee

commander of the Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis is most famous for serving as the only president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. He led the Southern war effort against the Union and was a prominent advocate of states' rights and the institution of slavery before and after the war

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

a premier Confederate general in the American Civil War, renowned as a brilliant tactical commander under Robert E. Lee.

• Earned at the [First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)] in 1861, where he stood firm, with Gen. Barnard Bee stating, "Jackson is standing like a stone wall!"

William T. Sherman

General William Tecumseh Sherman is best known for his pivotal role as a Union Army leader during the Civil War and as a primary architect of modern "total warfare". He is most famous for his aggressive tactics and the devastating "March to the Sea" across Georgia in 1864.

 Clara Barton,

nurse and founder of the Red Cross- angel of the Battlefield

 John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, and while running away, broke his leg  Fatally shot by union officers after he killed Abraham Lincoln Booth jumped from the balcony onto the stage and shouted “Sic semper tyrannis,” which means “ Thus always to tyrants. assassinated Abraham Lincoln to save the Confederacy and avenge the South - was upset about the union winning

 Andrew Johnson

Vice president - from North Carolina

Created a plan known as the presidential reconstruction

Wanted the South to join the United States as quickly as possible - could not join until the 13th Amendment was ratified

The Southern states only joined through black codes- to keep African Americans from gaining land, jobs, and protection under the law

  Charles Sumner

The “canning” (Sumner gets beaten by Brooks) - Radical Republican

The tunnel is named after Sumner

best known as a Massachusetts Senator, radical abolitionist, and champion of civil rights- took part in the Antebellum era

He was a leading voice against slavery and a key Radical Republican during Reconstruction, pushing for equal rights, voting rights, and education for African Americans.

George McClellan

George McClellan (1826–1885) was a major Union general during the American Civil War famous for organizing the Army of the Potomac, his overly cautious command style, and his contentious relationship with President Lincoln. He was highly popular with his troops but famously failed to act aggressively, leading to the failure of the Peninsula Campaign and his removal.

Rutherford B. Hayes

The 19th united states presdient who supported african americans right to vote

He served as Cincinnati's city solicitor from 1858 to 1861 and was known as a staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings.

attrition

a military strategy where one side seeks to wear down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material

anaconda plan

A Union strategy developed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott at the start of the American Civil War in 1861.

. blockage

2. control the mississippi river

3. Chop the confederacy into pieces from Mississippi to the Carolinas

4. Free the slaves

5. Capture the capital, Richmond, Virginia

Massachusetts 54

one of the first official African American units in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Formed in 1863, the regiment is most famous for its heroic and pioneering assault on Battery Wagner in South Carolina, which proved the combat capabilities of Black soldiers

battle of Antietam

First southern invasion of the North

Lee was heavily outnumbered, and a copy of his plans was found

Union stops lee advance, and lee retreats back to virginia

23,000 total casualties more than any other single day in history

Southern help from England - NO

Military - moral boost after a handful of USA defeats

Politically, paved the way for the Emancipation Proclamation

battle of Chancellorsville

another successful battle for the south - hooker is defeated

Gen. Robert E. Lee’s greatest tactical victory. Despite being outnumbered nearly 2-to-1, the Confederate army outmaneuvered Union Gen. Joseph Hooker forcing a federal retreat

• loss Stonewall Jackson - friendly fire

battle for Gettysburg

2nd and final battle invasion of the North - troops seize livestock, food, clothing, etc in PA

Go to Gettysburg for shoes

Union: Meade replaces Hooker

Lee made a mistake on day 1, Josh - Chamberlain = day 2

Union hero pickets charge ( disaster) day 3 -Lee retreats ( July 4)

Turning point in the war

Over 165k soldiers participated = the largest battle in the W. Hem

• win for the union on the country’s birthday

“March to the Sea.”

a union military campaign during the civil war that crippled the Confederacy's ability to wage war. They destroyed anything and everything important to the war effort, leaving ruins where Georgia's great cities once stood.

Appomattox courthouse

Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. This momentous event effectively ended the American Civil War

what is the 13th amendment

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude across the United states

14 amendment

guarantees birthright citizenship, equal protection of the law and due process of law to all persons

15 amendment

the government cannot deny a citizen the right to vote based on their race, color, or previous condition of servitude

radical republican

The law pushed by Thaddeus Stevens to protect former slaves from Johnson's Reconstruction plan ( opposed his plan)

• They championed the immediate abolition of slavery, full civil rights for emancipated Black Americans, and sweeping, punitive reforms for the defeated South.

Carpetbagger

Former abolitionists and profiteers moved south, looking for financial gain

Was like a suitcase - would move from north to south to make money

Freedman’s Bureau

Used to help former slaves with emergency medical supplies, food, and housing

Its most important legacy of the Freedman’s Bureau was the creation of new schools …The emphasis on education led to the creation of black universities such as Morehouse College in Atlanta

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK, was created in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee, shortly after the Civil War ended

The group was started by former Confederate soldiers who were unhappy with the changes taking place during Reconstruction after the South’s defeat in the war

The kkk targeted formerly enslaved African Americans who were trying to vote, own land, attend school, or hold political office during Reconstruction

The organization also attacked white republicans, teachers, and government officials who supported equal rights for African Americans in the South.

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

All three: Abraham Lincoln (P), Andrew Jackson (VP) , william Seward (Secretary of State) were supposed to be killed on the same day

Located in Washington, D.C

play - our American cousin

Star actress - Laura Keene

Lincoln was with his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth - leader of the plan

Impeachment Trial

Andrew Johnson was put on trial for impeachment after he was thought to be committing a crime known as the Tenure of Office Act, after trying to fire his Secretary of War, who supported the Congress plan

He was put on trial, and Congress was 1 vote short of removing him from office

Compromise of 1877

An informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election marked the end of the Reconstruction era

 Plessy v. Ferguson 

(1896) was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws under the doctrine of "separate but equal". This ruling legitimized state-sponsored discrimination and paved the way for the pervasive Jim Crow laws that defined the American South for over half a century

share cropping

also known as the tenant farming

a.  White landowners would rent parcels of their fields to blacks in exchange for ½ to ¼ of the cotton they produced

b.  But, tenants had no money for tools or seeds so they gained loans from the land owner in exchange for more of their cotton (_crop lien system)