Human Physiology Third/Final Exam

Differentiate between and explain the underlying causes of heart

sounds associated with stenotic or incompetent heart valves

Stenotic: valve is a stiff, narrowed valve that does not open completely. Blood forced through the opening results in an abnormal sound. For e.g.– aortic stenosis.

Incompletent: (does not close properly), blood flows backward through the insufficient valve (regurgitation) and collides with blood moving in the opposite direction creating a “swishing” murmur. For e.g. – aortic regurgitation.

**blood flow should be silent (turbulent blood by valves closing causes beat sound)

Calculate pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure.

pulse pressure: strength of pressure wave

pulse pressure = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Does venous blood have a pressure wave?

no, pressure falls due to friction. venous blood flow is steady rather than pulsatile pushed by continuous movement out of the capillaries

Explain how arterial blood pressure is measured using a

sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope