Psych 170 Exam 2

What is the near universal human need described by Baumeister & Leary (1995)?

Need to belong

What is relatedness in psychology?

The psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with others

What are the two components of relatedness according to Koestner & McClelland?

Affiliative needs and intimacy needs

What four components are required for the perception of a social bond?

Caring, liking, accepting, and valuing

What is an exchange relationship?

A relationship lacking caring, liking, accepting, or valuing

How can relationships benefit physical health?

Fewer heart attacks and strokes, boosted immune health, and longer lifespan

Which gender tends to experience greater health benefits from relationships?

Men

What is singlism?

Negative stereotypes and discrimination against single people

What percentage of adults are currently single according to the lecture?

About 31%

What are hookups?

Generally one-time casual sexual encounters

What is a friends-with-benefits (FWB) relationship?

An ongoing sexual relationship with a non-romantic partner

How do men and women often differ in their view of FWB relationships?

Women may view them as pre-commitment while men may view them as an end-state

What is serial monogamy?

Repeatedly entering and leaving long-term monogamous relationships

Why may single sexual behavior present health concerns?

It is more associated with alcohol use and decreased condom use

What is aromanticism?

A lack of interest or desire for romantic connection

What is passionate love?

An intense longing for union with another person

Who proposed the concept of passionate love?

Elaine Hatfield and Susan Sprecher

What are common signs of passionate love? (5)

Obsessive thinking, intense attraction, elevated heart rate, butterflies, and blushing

What brain systems are associated with passionate love?

VTA, basal ganglia, and limbic system

What is companionate love?

A deeper, less intense love characterized by intimacy and commitment

What often happens to passionate love over time?

It either dissolves or transitions into companionate love

What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

Passion, intimacy, and commitment

What is passion in Sternberg’s theory?

The motivational component involving physical and sexual attraction

What is intimacy in Sternberg’s theory?

The emotional component involving closeness and sharing

What is commitment in Sternberg’s theory?

The cognitive decision to remain with someone

What is consummate love?

A relationship containing passion, intimacy, and commitment

What is infatuation according to Sternberg?

Passion without intimacy or commitment

What is companionate love in Sternberg’s theory?

Intimacy and commitment without passion

What is romantic love in Sternberg’s theory?

Passion and intimacy without commitment

What is fatuous love?

Passion and commitment without intimacy

What is empty love?

Commitment without passion or intimacy

What is nonlove?

The absence of passion, intimacy, and commitment

What is John Lee’s Styles of Loving theory?

A theory explaining different approaches people take toward love

What is the romantic style of loving?

A hopeless romantic approach focused on attraction and passion

What is the altruistic style of loving?

Selfless and unconditional love

What is the pragmatic style of loving?

A practical and businesslike approach to relationships

What is the game-playing style of loving?

A casual and uncommitted approach to relationships

What is the possessive style of loving?

An obsessive love style with intense highs and lows

What is the companionate style of loving?

A peaceful and affectionate friends-first approach

What is the Companionate Love Scale used for?

Measuring companionate love

What is sexual fantasizing?

Arousing mental imagery

What percentage of adults report having sexual fantasies?

About 97%

What is the most common sexual fantasy?

Having a threesome

What is masturbation?

Solitary self-stimulation focused on the genitals

How is masturbation viewed today?

As a healthy aspect of sexuality

Who claimed masturbation harmed health in the 1700s?

Samuel Tissot

What is celibacy?

Refraining from sex despite having sexual desire

What is asexuality?

A sexual orientation involving lack of desire for partnered sex

What is oral sex?

Stimulation of the genitals using the mouth

What is fellatio?

Oral stimulation of the penis

What is cunnilingus?

Oral stimulation of the vulva

What is coitus?

Penile-vaginal intercourse

What is anal intercourse?

Penetrative sexual activity involving the anus

What is anilingus?

Oral stimulation of the anus

What are primary erogenous zones?

Body areas universally associated with sexual arousal

What are secondary erogenous zones?

More individualized body areas associated with arousal

What is tribadism?

Rubbing genitals against a partner’s body

What is the Coolidge Effect?

The tendency to regain sexual interest with novel partners

What is lesbian bed death?

A stereotype suggesting lesbians stop having sex in long-term relationships

What is the orgasm gap?

The difference in orgasm frequency between men and women

How common are threesomes in the U.S.?

About 1 in 7 adults report having had one

What are some health benefits of frequent sex and orgasm?

Lower stress, improved immune function, longer life, and better cognition

What is trait self-control?

A person’s chronic overall level of self-control

What is state self-control?

A temporary level of self-control at a given moment

How does low self-control affect sexual behavior?

It is linked to riskier sexual behaviors

What is attachment theory?

A theory explaining how attachment styles influence relationships and sexual behavior

How is anxious attachment related to sexual behavior?

Linked to more frequent sex and using sex for closeness

How is avoidant attachment related to sexual behavior?

Linked to less frequent sex and sex for non-romantic reasons

What is comprehensive sex education?

Sex education providing broad information and responsible decision-making skills

What is abstinence-only sex education?

Education teaching abstinence without discussing contraception

What is abstinence-plus education?

Education promoting abstinence while discussing contraception

Why is comprehensive sex education considered more effective?

It lowers teen pregnancy and STI rates more effectively

What did Griswold v. Connecticut establish?

A constitutional right to privacy involving contraception

What are behavioral contraceptive methods?

Methods reducing pregnancy risk by altering behaviors

What is withdrawal as a contraceptive method?

Removing the penis before ejaculation

What is fertility awareness?

Tracking fertility timing to avoid pregnancy

What are barrier contraceptive methods?

Methods preventing sperm from reaching the uterus

What is a male condom?

A latex or polyurethane barrier worn on the penis

What is a female condom?

A pouch lining the vagina to prevent sperm entry

What are spermicides?

Chemicals that kill or disable sperm

What are diaphragms and cervical caps?

Cervical barriers preventing sperm from entering the uterus

What are hormonal contraceptives?

Methods using hormones to reduce fertility

What is Depo-Provera?

A hormonal contraceptive injection lasting several months

What is an IUD?

A device inserted into the uterus for long-term contraception

What is a contraceptive implant?

A rod inserted into the arm that releases hormones

What is emergency contraception?

A hormone pill used after unprotected sex to reduce pregnancy risk

What is sterilization?

A permanent contraceptive method

What is tubal ligation?

Surgical blocking of the fallopian tubes

What is a vasectomy?

Surgical severing of the vas deferens

How can hormonal contraception affect libido?

Some users experience reduced sexual desire

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A condition involving excess androgen production

What psychological changes may occur during ovulation?

Increased attraction to masculine traits and revealing behavior

What is reactance theory?

A theory suggesting people resist persuasive attempts to control behavior

How can pregnancy affect sexual behavior?

Sexual frequency often declines due to fears about harming the baby

What is postpartum depression?

Depression occurring after childbirth

What percentage of women experience depression during or after pregnancy?

About 7-15% during pregnancy and 10-15% after

Why might sex frequency decline after children?

Stress, fatigue, and parenting responsibilities

What is the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB)?

A large study examining American sexual behaviors across the lifespan

What does being sexually active mean?

Engaging in sexual behaviors, though definitions vary

What are solitary sexual behaviors?

Sexual activities performed alone