Chapter 03: Human Energy

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms related to human energy, metabolism, energy expenditure, and factors influencing it, based on Chapter 03 lecture notes.

Human Energy

The overarching topic of the lecture, focusing on how the body obtains, uses, and expends energy.

Kinetic Energy

The energy an object possesses due to its motion; one form of energy discussed.

Direct Calorimetry

A method used to measure energy expenditure by directly measuring the heat produced by the body.

Indirect Calorimetry

A method used to measure energy expenditure by calculating heat production from the body's oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.

Kilojoule (kJ)

A unit of energy in the metric system, convertible from kilocalories.

Kilocalorie (kcal)

A unit of energy roughly equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius; commonly referred to as a 'calorie' on food labels.

Macronutrient Energy Yield (Carbohydrate & Protein)

Provides approximately 4 kilocalories of energy per gram.

Macronutrient Energy Yield (Fat)

Provides approximately 9 kilocalories of energy per gram.

Macronutrient Energy Yield (Alcohol)

Provides approximately 7 kilocalories of energy per gram.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The primary energy-carrying molecule used to fuel most cellular activities in the body.

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

An immediate energy reserve that rapidly replenishes ATP, especially during short, intense bursts of activity.

Metabolism

The sum total of all physical and chemical changes that take place within the body, including anabolism and catabolism.

Anabolism

The building-up, constructive metabolic process where smaller molecules are combined to create larger ones.

Catabolism

The tearing-down, disintegrating metabolic process where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which the body expends energy to maintain vital functions while at complete physical and mental rest, in a fasted state, and in a neutral environment.

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

The energy expended by the body for maintenance of normal body functions and homeostasis at rest; often used interchangeably with BMR but measured under less strict conditions.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

The energy expended on the processes of digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and storage of ingested food, accounting for about 5-10% of total energy expenditure.

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

The energy expended for all physical activities other than sleeping, eating, or volitional exercise, such as typing, fidgeting, and walking.

Physical Activity Energy Expenditure (PAEE)

The energy expended during any form of physical activity, accounting for about 15-30% of total daily energy expenditure.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a given age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level.

Metabolic Equivalent (MET)

A unit used to estimate the metabolic cost of physical activity, where 1 MET is equivalent to the energy expenditure of sitting quietly, approximately 3.5 mL of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute.

Factors Affecting REE/BMR

Includes body composition (e.g., muscle mass), age, gender, hormones, diet, and stimulants like caffeine.

Strategies to Delay Fatigue

Involve proper sport training (physiological, psychological, and biomechanical) and appropriate nutrition.

Nutrition and Fatigue

A deficiency of almost any nutrient can be a contributing factor to fatigue; proper nutrition ensures adequate energy substrates (carbohydrate, fat) and optimal metabolism (protein, vitamins, minerals, water).

Food Labels

Provide essential information such as serving size, calories per serving, total energy content, and daily values for various nutrients.

Qualified Health Claim

A statement on a food label that suggests a relationship between a food component and a reduced risk of a disease, often accompanied by qualifying language like 'may' or 'might'.