The Sixteenth Century.docx

Utopia

Sir Thomas More’s work written in Latin at the beginning of the 16th century.

Expressive

English language became powerful and expressive by 1600, evident in the works of Marlowe, Shakespeare, and the King James Bible.

England

By 1600, England emerged as the preeminent power.

Roses

The Wars of the Roses were ended by the Tudor dynasty ruling England from 1485 to 1603.

Henry VII

Became king in 1485, unified rival factions, and ruled until 1509.

United

Henry VII bequeathed a united and flourishing kingdom to Henry VIII.

Court

The royal court became a center of culture and influence during the Tudor dynasty.

Intrigue

Court culture spawned an art of intrigue and ostentation.

The Courtier

Castiglione’s book emphasizing sprezzatura.

Sprezzatura

The art of concealing effort behind elegant accomplishments to appear natural.

Printing

Literacy increased due to the printing press and Protestant emphasis on Bible-reading.

Humanism

Renaissance characterized by a rebirth of arts and letters, emphasizing man as the measure of all things.

Education

Humanists like Erasmus encouraged reform in education, shifting focus to general knowledge acquisition.

Latin

Catholic church ceremonies and texts were in Latin, challenged by the Protestant Reformation.

John Wycliffe

Challenged church authority, suppressed by the Catholic church.

1517

Martin Luther's actions in 1517 challenged the ancient church in the name of private conscience.

Scripture

Protestants believed in the ultimate authority of scripture in religious matters.

English

Protestantism helped ensure the triumph of English in theological disputes.

Science

The Reformation paved the way for progress in science.

Supremacy

Henry VIII passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534, declaring himself the head of the Church in England.