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WHAT MEANS PARAGONE

Define: COMPARISON

DEBATE OF WHICH ART FORM (MUSIC, POETRY, SCULPTURE, PAINTING, ARCHITECTURE) IS SUPERIOR TO ALL THE OTHER ART FORMS

Who starts with this discussion of paragone:

Leonardo in his treatise of Painting (FAMOUS ECOUNTER BETWEEN MICHELANGELO AND LEONARDO)

PARAGONE: Who sparks the debate:

Benedetto Varchi, 1546 with letters that he send out to artists.

Who offers support but dosen’t really particibate? Michelangelo Buonarotti because he works in both  Medium in discussion.

PARAGONE: Who are artists who particibate the discussion?

Bevenuto Cellini

Baccio Bandinelli

Giorgio Vasari

Bronzino

Pontormo

Giam bologna

R of the Sabine Woman , 1579-83

Marble, Loggia dei Lanzi, Piazza della

Signoria

Cellini, Perseus and Medusa, 1545-54, Bronze

Michelangelo, David, 1501-04, Marble

Baccio Bandinelli, Hercules and Cacus, Marble, 153’-34 and 1563

MORGANTE, OIL ON CANVAS, PALATINA PALAZZO PITTI, 1552

MORGANTE: Profession:

bird catcher (fowler),
no big hunt games permitted

MORGANTE: Details of painting:

Full length portrait of

Braccio

PROBABLY ON A ROTATING FRAME FIXED

What is the Paragone:

PARAGONE: ‘COMPARISON, DEPATE DURING THE

RENAISANCE ABOUT THE SUPERITY OF DIFFERENT ART

FORMS.

HERE PROVES BRONZINO THE SUPERIOR ART FORM

PAINTING AS HE INCLUDE ALSO THE FOURTH DIMENSION:

TIME.

WHY WOULD SOMEONE CHOOSE TO PORTRAIT A DWARF?

TO SHOW HIS SKILLS, BEING CAPABLE TO SHOW DEFORMATION

WHO IS BENEDETTO VARCHI?

ITALIAN HUMANIST, POET – HE WROTE THE STORIA FIORENTINA AND WAS A MEMBER OF THE FLORENTINE ACADEMY

WHO IS MORGANTE?

COSIMO I FAVORITE DWARF NAMED BRACCIO DI BARTOLO

WHO WROTE “Which Is the Nobler Art, Sculpture or Painting?”

BENEDETTO VARCHI

WHAT MAKES THE MORGANTE A PICTORIAL REPONSE TO THE PARAGONE THEORY?

ITS WORKED IN THE ROUND AND INCLUDES EVEN TIME

what means a. repoussé and b. is this technique commonly used?

USED BY METAL SMITHS, IT MEANS PUSHED UP

DWARFS WERE CALLED __

OMUNCOLI

DWARFS WERE SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF [blank] DURING THE MIDDLE AGES

EVIL

HOW TALL WAS MORGANTE?

4 FEET

HOW WOULD THE FRAME OF THE MORGANTE ORGINALLY LOOK LIKE?

ROTATING

HOW WOULD A PAINTING LIKE THE DWARF BE USED DURING BANQUETS, HOW WOULD PEOPLE REACT?

O AMUSE, ABUSE AND MAKE FUN OF HIM

WHY WAS MORGANTE ONLY ALLOWED TO HUNT BIRDS?

BECAUSE HE IS LITTLE

DID MORGANTE CONDUCT A DECENT LIFE AT THE COURT OF COSIMO I?

YES HE WAS VERY MUCH LOVED AND SUPPORTED

Baldacchino, 1624 – 37, Bronze,

Borromini and Bernini, Located in St. Peters Basilica

How many popes does Bernini serve?

8

The scandal of the Baldacchino:

Pseudo competition. Maderno is the main architect in the Vatican and would have won the contest but Bernini being the ‘pope’s creature’, pope’s lap dog receives the commission for the Baldacchino and is also over-payed

Who is Borromini teacher and where does he work?

Maderno, Vatican

Who is the better Engineer Borromini or Bernini?

BORROMINI

COSTANZA BONARELLI, 1637

‘TO SUCCED WITH A PORTRAIT, YOU MUST FIX AN ATTITUDE AND TRY TO DEPICT IT WELL.

THE FINEST MOMENT YOU CAN CHOOSE FOR THE MOUTH IS WHEN THE SITTER STOPS SPEAKING OR WHEN HE STARTS TO SPEAK’, BERNINI

TOMB MONUMENT URBAN VIII.
BERNINI, ST. PETER, 1629
CHARITY= COSTANZA

BERNINI VS BORROMINI: THE FAILURE: What happens? WHY? What are the consequences of this failure?

THE POOR BASEMENT UNDER ST. PETER’S MAKES APPEAR CRACKS IN THE TOWER AND THE FAÇADE

BERNINI VS BORROMINI: WGar period di both life? Where?

Baroque, in Rome

BERNINI VS BORROMINI: Who was Constanza Bonarelli?

Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s Mistress

Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage, ca. 1874. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art  - makes 1500 paintings of ballet dancers

Sex work was a part of a ballerina’s reality, and the city’s grand opera house, the Palais Garnier, was designed with this in mind. A luxuriously appointed room located behind the stage, called the foyer de la danse, was a place where the dancers would warm up before performances. But it also served as a kind of men’s club, where abonnés—wealthy male subscribers to the opera—could conduct business, socialize, and proposition the ballerinas. The sexual politics that played out in the foyer de la danse was of great interest to Degas. In fact, very few of his depictions of the dance show an actual performance

Called “petite rats”

OLIMPIA, MANET, 1863-65

FEMALE NUDE WITHOUT TIGHS OF

MYTHOLOGY – ITS NOT A NUDE BUT

SHE IS NAKED – SHOWN AS A PROSTITUTE

INSPIRED MT TITIAN’S PAINTING

‘VENUS OF URBINO’, UFFIZI, 1538

SHE: VICTORINE MEURENT, DANCER,

WRITTER, PAINTRESS, LESPIAN

ORCHID FLOWER IN HER HAIR: SEXUAL

ELLUSION

BRACELET, PEARL EAR RINGS: WEALTH

BOUQUET: flowers of a next client

SERVANT: LAURE

Degas vs Manet, what happened when Degas painted Manet and his wife?

Edgar Degas painted Édouard Manet and His Wife in the 1860s, but his friend was not a fan. Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art

DEGAS REACTION: MOUSIER, I AM RETURNING YOUR PLUMS

Define Impasto

Impasto is a painting technique where paint is applied very thickly, often directly from the tube or with a palette knife, causing brushstrokes or knife marks to be prominently visible

WET ON WET

applying wet paint onto a previously wetted surface (paper, canvas, or another wet paint layer), creating soft edges, fluid blends, and atmospheric effects without sharp lines.

PLAIN AIR

the practice of creating art directly outdoors, on-site, rather than in a studio.

• REPRODUCTION

• REFERS TO AN IMITATION OF A CLASSICAL

   ART WORK .

WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF IMPRESSIONISM?

(CLAUDE MONET)

VAN GOGH AND GAUGUIN lived together for how long?

63 DAYS - 9 weeks and a yellow house

What is the yellow house?

The home that Vincent van Gogh rents in order to establish an artist’s residence  in Arles.

Why does Gauguin accept the invitation after many others declined?

Theodore, Vincent’s brother convinces him with money

Is Vincent van Gogh welcomed by the Arlesienne?

No, his behavior doesn’t invite women to sit for him or even spend time with him.

What is the most frequented place the artists visit?

The brothel and the cafè de la Gare

How do they call the visits to the brothel?

Hygiene visits

Is Gauguin more successful in Arles?

Yes, he is a smooth talker, is experienced with women and entertaining.

Why does Van Gogh cut his ear off?

They discussed about art with each other over this discussion van Gogh gets drunk and throws a bottle

Against Gauguin. Gauguin leaves to sleep elsewhere over night . At this point Gauguin tells van Gogh that he cannot stay anymore with him and leaves the house. Van Gogh follows him and attacks him with a razor. Van Gogh returns to the yellow house and cuts his ear.

Why brings van Gogh his year to the young prostitute?

He acts like a Matador in the Arena who offers the ear of the (defeated) bull to the lady he likes.

What happens to this young girl named Ruth?

She screams and faints.

How does Gauguin react after this?

He accuses van Gogh of Madness and leaves Arles

How does the population in Arles react?

They write a petition in which they ask that van Gogh should leave the village.

What happens to van Gogh?

He is taken to the hospital and later in prison for a short time.

18 months later after he had lost his caretaker and brother Theodore he took is life

• Self portrait with the bandaged ear, 1889, Vincent van Gogh

• Courtauld gallery, oil paint

Why did van Gogh cut off his ear?

MATADORS OFFER THE BULL’S EAR TO THEIT LADY LOVE

VINVENT OFFERS HIS HEAR, DEFEETED BULL

Gheisha in a landscape, 1870-1880, courthauld institute, mount fuji n the background

PAIN REJECTION

CROSS REFERS TO CHRIST’S PASSION

MOUNT FUJI/ CALVARY

GHEISHAS/3 MARIES

BANDAGE

LOINCLOTH

BEDROOM IN THE YELLOW HOUSE

OIL ON CANVAS, VAN GOGH MUSEUM,

AMSTERDAM, 1888

YELLOW HOUSE, OIL ON CANVAS VAN GOGH MUSEUM

AMSTERDAM, 1888

PAUL GAUGUIN,

VISION AFTER THE SERMON

(JACOB WRESTLING WITH AN ANGEL

OIL ON CANVAS, 1888, EDINBURGH

GAUGUIN , SELF PORTRAIT, PRESENT FOR VAN GOGH (WITH EMILE BERNARD) VAN GOGH MUSEUM, 1888

Matisse / Picasso

PICASSO TO MATISSE: YOU ARE TO COMFORTABLE IN YOUR OWN STYLE

MATISSE TO PICASSO’S PAINTING LE DEMOISELLES D’AVIGNON:  YOUR PAINTING  LOOKS LIKE A JOKE

JOY OF LIFE, 1905/06, PA BARNES FOUNDATION

VENCE, ROSARY CHAPEL, TOTAL WORK OF ART, 1949-51

PICASSO, VALLAURIS WAR AND PEACE, 1952

WATER COLOUR

1. WHAT SUFFERS MATISSE FROM AND WHAT NEW TECHNIQUE DOES MATISSE INVENT AS HE CANNOT GET UP

1. ANCER - gouaches découpées (gouache cut-outs) or simply cut-outs

2. WHAT DOES PICASSO DECORATE IN VALLAURIS?   

2. the former priory chapel with his monumental "War and Peace" murals

3. WHO MADE THE DECORATION OF THE CHAPEL IN VANCE?

3. MATISSE

4. THE CHAPEL IS CONSIDERED TO BE A TOTAL ARTWORK. WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

4. means Henri Matisse designed every single element as a unified whole, blending architecture, stained glass, murals (ceramics), altar, even priest vestments, into one cohesive, spiritual masterpiece where all arts serve a single artistic and devotional vision

5. HOW REACTS PICASSO TO MATISSE DEATH?

5. NOT GOING TO THE FUNERAL NOT ANSWERING THE PHONE

DIEGO VS FRIDA DETAILS

FIRST MEETING IN 1922
MARRIAGE IN 1929

DIEGO RIVERA

• HUGE MURALS

• HISTORICAL PAINTINGS

• SOCIO ECONOMY POLITICAL

• HUGE MURALS

• ALCOHOLIC

• MEDICAL CERTIFICATE THAT HE DUE TO A MEDICAL DISABILITY CAN NOT BE FAITHFUL

FRIDA KAHLO

• OWN LIFE

• VUNARABILITY

• SELF INSPECTION

• MINATURES

• SEVERLY DAMAGED BODY AFTER THE BUS ACCIDENT

• OFTEN BETRAYED  (SISTER)

• BISEXUAL, AFFAIRS WITH PROMINENT MEN LIKE LEON TROTZKY

• BREAK THROUGH 1936, VOGUE 1937

TWO FRIDAS, 1939,  OIL ON CANVAS

THE ONE THAT

TURNS AWAY FROM DIEGO AND

THE ONE THAT TURNS TO DIEGO

FRIDA KAHLO, A FEW SMALL NIPS, 1935 – FRIDAS REACTION

TO THE BETRAYAL OF HER SISTER WITH DIEGO

DIEGO RIVIERA, MACHINES FOR FORD MOTORS, 1932/33, FRESCO FINISHED IN 8 MONTH

THE TWO HAD A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT APPEARANCE: FRIDA’S MOTHER CALLED THEM

THE ELEPHANT AND THE DOVE

FRIDA PAINTS BIG OR SMALL PICTURES?  AND DIEGO?

FRIDA SMALL PAINTINGS — MONUMENTAL INTENSE MURALS – HE LEARNS THE FRESCO TECHNIQUE IN ITALY

WHAT IS FRIDA’S MAIN SUBJECT MATTER?  WHAT IS DIEGO’S ?

HERSELF — Mexican history, social inequality, the relationship between nature and industry, and the struggles of the working class.

WHAT IS THE CASA AZUL?

FRIDA’S HOME

TO WHAT REFERS FRIDA’S PAINTING ‘UNOS CUANTOS PICCHETITOS’?

he painting is widely interpreted as a reflection of Frida’s own emotional anguish over her husband Diego Rivera’s infidelity, specifically his affair with her sister, Cristina Kahlo.

DIEGO HAD A DOCTOR CERTIFICATE FOR:

UNFAITHFULNESS

IS FRIDA A SURREALIST?

"They thought I was a Surrealist, but I wasn't. I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality,".

Francis Bacon, Study after Velazquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X., Oil on Canvas, 1953, Vatican Museums

Lucian Freud, Portrait of Francis Bacon, 1952, (painted on copper) is currently missing and considered stolen

LUCIEN FREUD, BENEFIT SUPERVISOR,

OIL ON CANVAS, 1994

FREUD AND BACON: For how long were the two artists best friends?

AS AN INTENSE EXCHANGE 25 YEARS, THE FRIENDSHIP WAS INTERRUPTED DURING THE 80IES

FREUD AND BACON: WHEN DID THEY MEET FIRST AND WHEN?

1944

FREUD AND BACON: WHO INTRODUES THEM TO EACH OTHER?

GRAHAM SUTHERLAND (PAINTER PORTRAID WINSTON CHURCHILL) DURING A DINNERPARTY

WHO WERE THE TWO PARTNERS OF BACON AND HOW DID THEY DIE?

PETER LACY, DRANK HIMSELF TO DEATH

DYERS COMMITTED SUICIDE (DRUGS/ALC) THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BACON’S EXHIBITION OPENING IN PARIS

WHAT IMPRESSED BACON ABOUT FREUD’S WORK?

FREUD’S HYPER REALISTIC WAY TO DEPICT FLESH

WHAT IMPRESSED FREUD IN BACON’S WORK?

BACON’S DISTORTED FIGURES AND CONTORTED FACES OPEN FOR FREUD NEW POSSIBILITIES TO PUSH HIS BOUNDRIES. HE EXPIRIMENTS WITH UNVENTIONAL ANGLES, PERSPECTIVES AND DISTORTIONS (SEE SUE)

1. WHO ARE THE STEINS AND WHAT DID THEY DO FOR HENRI MATISSE AND PABLO PICASSO?

The Steins (especially Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo Stein) were American art collectors in Paris who supported, promoted, and financially helped both Matisse and Picasso, buying their works and introducing them to important circles

2. WHAT DID PICASSO INVENT IN 1912?

Pablo Picasso invented collage, especially with Cubist works (papier collé).

3. WHO ABANDONED THE FAUVES MOVEMENT TO JOIN CUBISM?

The correct answer is:
👉 Georges Braque

(He left Fauvism to work with Picasso in developing Cubism.)

4. HOW DID MATISSE REACT?

Henri Matisse did not follow Cubism and continued developing his own style, staying loyal to color and decoration.

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE:_________________ INVENTED FAUVISM, __________________INVENTED CUBISM.

👉 Henri Matisse invented Fauvism, Pablo Picasso invented Cubism.

6. WHO SAYS “I SCULPT LIKE A PAINTER”?

Pablo Picasso

7. WITH WHOM DO YOU ASSOCIATE THE ARABESQUE?

Henri Matisse

10. WHAT HAPPENS IN 1914? ARE THE TWO PAINTERS INVOLVED?

👉 World War I begins (1914).
👉 Georges Braque (French) is involved (he goes to war).
👉 Pablo Picasso (Spanish) is NOT involved (Spain was neutral).

11. WHAT IS THE CARNEGIE PRIZE AND WHO RECEIVED IT?

👉 The Carnegie Prize is a major international art award (similar in prestige to a Nobel Prize for artists).
👉 Henri Matisse received it, and he later helped ensure recognition for Pablo Picasso as well.