Lab 14: Respiratory and Digestive Systems

A set of flashcards covering key vocabulary and definitions related to the respiratory and digestive systems.

What is the role of pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract?

The pseudostratified epithelium is specialized for protection in the respiratory tract, helping to trap and move particles and pathogens out of the airways.

What is the structure that makes up the C-shaped bands in the trachea?

Hyaline cartilage forms the C-shaped bands in the trachea, providing structural support.

What is the histological feature of alveoli in the lungs?

Alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium, which is thin and specialized for efficient gas diffusion.

Which regions of the pharynx are common to the respiratory and digestive systems?

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are regions of the pharynx that are common to both the respiratory and digestive systems.

What is the pathway of air in and out of the respiratory tract?

Air enters through the nasal cavity or mouth, travels down the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and finally reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.

tidal volume (TV)

the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal, quiet respiration, approximately 500 ml.

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs; approximately 4800 ml in males and 3400 ml in females.

residual volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forceful expirations, approximately 1500 ml.

What muscles are involved in normal quiet inspiration?

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are primarily involved in normal quiet inspiration.

What changes occur in the respiratory rate when breathing into a paper bag?

Breathing into a paper bag can increase carbon dioxide levels in the blood, leading to a decrease in respiratory rate.

How does exercise affect the respiratory rate?

Exercise increases the respiratory rate to meet the higher oxygen demands of the body.

What are the parts and types of teeth in an adult versus infant?

Adults typically have 32 teeth (including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars), while infants usually have 20 primary teeth.

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

The accessory organs include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which secrete substances aiding in digestion.

What do the greater and lesser omentums connect?

The greater omentum connects the stomach to the colon and other abdominal organs, while the lesser omentum connects the stomach to the liver.

What are the main regions of the digestive tract identified under the microscope?

The main regions identified are the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

What histological feature can be used to distinguish the small intestine?

The presence of villi and microvilli is a histological feature that distinguishes the small intestine and increases surface area for absorption.

What are the layers of the digestive wall?

The layers of the digestive wall include mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis.

What is the purpose of the additional oblique layer of smooth muscle in the stomach?

The oblique layer of smooth muscle in the stomach aids in churning and mixing food.

Why are goblet cells abundant in the large intestine?

Goblet cells are abundant in the large intestine because they produce mucus, which lubricates the intestine and facilitates the passage of fecal matter.

What are the digestive physiology exercise results for the digestion of starch, protein, and lipid?

Digestive physiology exercise results indicate that starch is broken down by amylase, protein is digested by proteases, and lipids are emulsified by bile salts and digested by lipases.

What are the effects of epinephrine and acetylcholine on the digestive tract's smooth muscle activity?

Epinephrine generally inhibits smooth muscle activity in the digestive tract, while acetylcholine stimulates it.