CHAPTER 9: ENERGY BALANCE & WEIGHT

Energy balance

Relationship between calories consumed and calories burned.

Positive energy balance

Leads to weight gain.

Negative energy balance

Leads to weight loss.

Basal metabolism

Energy used for basic body functions at rest.

Physical activity

Energy used for movement.

Thermic effect of food

Energy used to digest and process food.

BMI

Measure of weight relative to height used to estimate health risk.

BMI limitation

Does not distinguish fat from muscle.

Visceral fat

Fat around organs associated with high health risk.

Subcutaneous fat

Fat under skin with lower risk.

Hunger

Physical need for food.

Appetite

Desire to eat.

Satiation

Signal to stop eating.

Satiety

Feeling of fullness between meals.

Ghrelin

Hormone that increases hunger.

Leptin

Hormone that decreases appetite.

Obesity internal factors

Genetics metabolism and gut microbiota.

Obesity external factors

Environment large portions and inactivity.

Energy deficit metabolism

Uses glycogen then fat then protein.

Energy surplus metabolism

Stores excess as fat.

Weight management

Requires balanced diet physical activity and behavior change.

Weight loss strategy

Set realistic goals and track habits.

Obesity treatment

Includes medications and surgery for high-risk individuals.

Behavior change

Includes tracking habits consistency and mindset improvement.