Regents Biology 2025 Living Environment Vocabulary Review
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A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering the core concepts of the Regents Biology Living Environment exam, including cell biology, genetics, evolution, human physiology, and ecology.
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63 Terms
What is homeostasis?
A balanced state in an organism's body; failure to maintain it results in disease or death.
What is metabolism?
All the chemical processes that take place in an organism.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
A balanced state created by many small, opposing changes.
What is ATP?
The molecule that all cells use for usable energy, produced during cellular respiration.
What are organic compounds?
Large, complex molecules (polymers) that always contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars and starches used to provide and store energy; built from monomers like glucose.
What are lipids?
Fats and oils built from fatty acids; used for energy storage, insulation, and making up cell membranes.
What are proteins?
Complex compounds built from amino acids; their function is determined by their specific shape.
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as catalysts, controlling all chemical reactions in the body; they can denature if exposed to high temperatures.
What are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA; built from nucleotides and containing the genetic code for producing proteins.
What is the cell theory?
The theory stating all living things are made of cells, cells carry out all life processes, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
What is a nucleus?
The cell organelle that controls the cell and contains hereditary material such as DNA and chromosomes.
What is a mitochondrion?
The 'powerhouse of the cell' that carries out cellular respiration to produce ATP.
What is a ribosome?
The organelle responsible for protein synthesis by joining amino acids.
What is a chloroplast?
An organelle found only in plant and algae cells that contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis.
What is a cell membrane?
A structure made of lipids and proteins that controls what enters and leaves the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
What is diffusion?
A form of passive transport where substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
What is active transport?
The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requiring ATP energy.
What is an autotroph?
An organism, such as a plant or algae, that makes its own food using photosynthesis.
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that cannot make its own food and must consume nutrients from other organisms.
What is photosynthesis?
The process where the sun's energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose (C6H12O6).
What are stomata?
Pores or tiny openings under a leaf that allow for gas exchange.
What is natural selection?
The mechanism of evolution where the environment 'selects' organisms with helpful variations to survive and reproduce.
What is fitness?
A measure of how well a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment.
What is speciation?
The process of forming a new species, often starting with geographic isolation.
What is a zygote?
A single cell formed by fertilization having a complete set of 46 chromosomes in humans.
What is differentiation?
The process where cells become specialized by turning specific genes on or off.
What are antigens?
Protein 'tags' on pathogens that identify them as foreign to the immune system.
What are antibodies?
Specific proteins made by white blood cells that fit the shape of a pathogen to mark it for destruction.
What is a vaccine?
An injection of a dead or weakened pathogen that triggers the body to produce antibodies for future immunity.
What is insulin?
A hormone made by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels.
What is mitosis?
Cell division used for growth and repair that produces two identical diploid (2n) cells.
What is meiosis?
Cell division used for sexual reproduction that produces four different haploid (n) gametes.
What is a placenta?
An organ that allows for the diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, and waste between the mother and the fetus without mixing their blood.
What are alleles?
The different options or forms for a specific gene or trait.
What is genetic engineering?
The technology of inserting a gene from one organism into another using restriction enzymes.
What is a niche?
The role an organism plays in its environment, including when, where, and how it obtains food.
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum population size that an ecosystem can support based on limiting factors.
What is ecological succession?
The gradual process where one community replaces another until a stable climax community is reached.
What is biodiversity?
The variety of life on Earth; increased diversity leads to more stable ecosystems.
What is an independent variable?
The variable being tested or manipulated in an experiment, plotted on the X-axis.
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that is measured or the result of an experiment, plotted on the Y-axis.
Mitosis
Cell division used for growth and repair that produces two identical diploid (2n) cells.
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured or the result of an experiment, plotted on the Y-axis.
What are organic compounds?
Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon atoms, often combined with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other
What are Xylem and Phloem?
Xylem and phloem are types of vascular tissue in plants. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phlo
What are the requirements and products of photosynthesis?
Requires sunlight, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Makes glucose (C6H12O6) as food. Water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) are waste products.
What are the benefits of photosynthesis?
Provides food for all plants, animals, and other organisms. It also provides oxygen (O2) for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide (CO
How is homeostasis maintained in organisms?
Homeostasis is often maintained using feedback mechanisms, which are processes that regulate internal conditions by responding to changes and maintaining balance.
What are Feedback mechanisms?
Cycles in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop.
What are Life Processes?
Chemical processes that make’s up an organism’s metabolism.
What is Metabolism used for?
Nutrition, cellular respiration, synthesis, transport, regulation, excretion, and reproduction
Nutrition
Use nutrients for growth, synthesis, repair and energy.
Water
Most common substance in all living things, needed for chemical reactions, dissolves molecules into solution, allowing them to be transported through the body.