Psychotherapy People

Emmanuel Kant

Argued a scientific psychology was impossible

Webber (Law)

The smallest noticeable change in a stimulus is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

Wilhelm Wundt

Scientific experimentation could reveal law-like properties of inner reality, 1879 est. 1st research lab to study consciousness @ University of Leipzig

Lightner Witmer

1886 est. 1st psych clinic, coined term clinical psych, 1907 founded 1st clinical psych journal

Nevil Maskelyne

Fired assistant because of variations in their astronomical recordings

FW Bessel

Systematically compared observations of experienced astronomers and found variations were common and magnitude varied by the observer, “personal equation” corrected calculations for individual differences, informed psychological research on reaction time

Franz Gall

Phrenology, have your head examined

Darwin

Variation in characteristics occurs within and between species and natural selection is based in part on these characteristics

Sir Francis Galton

Applied Darwin’s ideas to research on individual difference in mental ability

James McKeen Cattel

Constructed standard battery of mental tests for researchers to study individual differences, chose 10 tests of sensorimotor functioning and tested performance under varying conditions

Alfred Binet

Developed battery of mental tests for typically developing children and those with intellectual disabilities, super popular, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Hippocrates

4 humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, 1st medical model of psychopathology

Pinel, Rush, Tuke, Dix

Reforming institution conditions

Emil Kraeplin

Developed 1st classification of mental disorders based on signs and symptoms, precursor to DSM

Jean-Martin Charcot

Hypnosis for hysteria

Freud

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory: emphasized role of unconscious psychological conflicts and led to development of therapy to resolve those conflicts, includes conscious, preconscious, unconscious, structural model of personality: id superego ego

David Shakow

Led APA committee on training in clinical psych, recommended graduate training in clinical psych

Alan Kazdin

Psychotherapy outcome research goals: determine efficacy, effectiveness, and components responsible for change

Alfred Adler (he has 2 things)

Individual psychology: Striving for superiority (personality development driven by desire to overcome feelings of helplessness and gain control over environment), emphasized personal fulfillment, verprotection or neglect -> intense inferiority -> excessive striving, desperate and unhealthy efforts to enhance self-esteem

Adlerian psychodynamic techniques: to explore and alter maladaptive lifestyles using strategies to promote growth & reslilience

Melanie Klein

Object relations therapy: adult relationships are shaped by experiences of caregivers (objects) during infancy

Habib Davanloo

Intenstive short term dynamic psychotherapy: concrete goals in limited amt of sessions

Carl Rogers

Person centered therapy: uses empathy and unconditional positive regard to facilitate congruence

Fritz & Laura Perls

Gestalt Therapy: uses more active techniques to bring awareness to behaviors that interfere with growth potential

Harry Stack Sullivan

Interpersonal theory: personality develops thru interpersonal relationships, especially s/os

John Bowlby

Attachment theory, form strong interpersonal bonds, actual or threatened separation of bonds results in distress

Myrna Weissman

IPT, developed as psychotherapy comparator in a medication RCT by Gerald Klerman

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning

BF Skinner

Operant conditioning

Joseph Wolpe

Systematic desensitization

Marsha Linehan

1970s/80s developed Dialectical Behavior Therapy originally for individuals at high suicide risk

Gottman

Created method that draws on relationship science and uses multiple strategies to increase friendship and intimacy, navigate conflict, and create shared meaning

Sue Johnson

Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy

Salvador Minuchin

EFCT theory: marital distress is caused by distress/negative emotion + destructive interactions patterns that arise from and perpetuate distress/negative emotion

Sidney Bijou, Connie Hanf, Robert Wahler, Gerald Patterson

1960s/70s, principles of parent training programs that emphasized parents as agents of change, parents record child behavior, and use reinforcement/consequence to modify behavior

René Descartes

Mind-body dualism