289 General

somniloquy

people who talk in their sleep

frontoparietal network and default mode network

what is involved with mind wandering?

EEG (electroencephalograph)

device that monitors electrical activity on brain over time using electrodes on scalp

beta waves

alert, focused, wide awake

alpha waves

relaxed, calm

theta waves

deep relaxation, light sleep

delta waves

deep sleep

suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus

involved in resetting the biological clocks (along with pineal gland, hormone, melatonin)

westward

which was is easiest to fly (due to circadian rhythms)

EMG (electromyograph)

records muscular activity and tension

EOG (electrooculography)

records eye movements

Stage 1 of sleep

brief light sleep, everything slows

hypnic jerks

muscle contractions that occur during Stage 1 of sleep

theta

during stage 1, ____ waves are present

Stage 2 of sleep

sleep spindles and K-complexes occur

sleep spindles

brief bursts of higher frequency brain waves

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep

slow wave sleep (SWS), high amplitude and low frequency DELTA waves

Stage 5

REM stage, paralyzed, irregular breathing and pulse, dreaming, BETA waves

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

sleep and waking appears to be regulated by these areas (and afferent fibers)

activity in pons / midbrain

appears to be connected to REM sleep

hypothalamus (sleep)

regulation of sleep/wakeful

medulla, thalamus, basal forebrain, neurotransmitters (sleep)

appear to control sleep

benzodiazepine sedatives (dalmane, haleion, restoril) and nonbenzodiazepine sedative (ambien, sonata, lunesta)

meds used to help with insomnia

narcolepsy is due to

impairment in regulation of REM due to loss of orexin neurons in hypothalamus

somnambulism

sleepwalking, tends to occur in first 3 hours (slow-wave sleep), due to unknown causes

RBD (REM sleep behavior disorder)

troublesome and violent dream enactments during REM periods, mostly men in their late 50s, due to deterioration in brainstem structure

sense of self

universal element of dreams

focus attention (meditation)

attention is concentrated on a specific object, image, sound, or bodily sensation (clear mind of clutter)

open monitoring (meditation)

attention is directed to the contents of one’s experience in nonjudge/non react way

in a meditative state, which waves are present

alpha and theta

benefit of meditation

more grey matter in several regions of the brain

psychoactive drugs

chemical substances that modify mental emotional or behavioral functioning

narcotics (opiates)

used for pain relief, high dependence, high fatal risk, impaired functioning

sedatives

sleeping pill, high dependence, high fatal, impaired mental functioning

stimulants

treatment of hyperactivity, narcolepsy, anesthetic, restlessness, high fatal, HIGHEST risk for PSYCHOLOGICAL dependence

hallucinogens

no medical use, religious ties, euphoria, altered perceptions, paranoia, LOWEST RISK for PHYSICAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL dependence.

cannabis

treatment of chemo, induced vomiting, relaxation, sluggish, LOWEST RISK for PHYSICAL dependence

alcohol

no medical use, relaxation, impaired, moderate dependence and fatal

carfentanil (narcotic)

over 100 more potent than fentanyl, designed to sedate elephants

MDMA

compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucigons, especially mescaline

amphetamines

mainly increase the release of DA (dopamine) and NE (norepinephrine) by presynaptic neurons

cocaine

mainly blocks reuptake at DA, NE, and serotonin synapses

THC

hacks brains cannabinoid receptors, leading to an increase of endorphins and activation of dopamine

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

reward pathway, large and rapid increases in release of dopamine here reinforces effects of abused drugs

pons damage

these people have no REM sleep, but still dream

nominal fallacy

logical error, naming something with(out) explaining it

critical properties of language systems

symbolic, semantic, generative, structured

semantics

area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and combinations (denotation and connotation)

syntax

a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences

fast mapping

process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

telegraphic speech

sentences are mainly content words (end of second year)

metalinguistic awareness

the ability to reflect on the use of language

Nativist theory

proposes humans are quipped with LAD (language acquisition device) - an innate mechanism/process that facilitates the learning of language

Interactionist Theories (of language)

assert biology and experience both make important contributions

linguistic relativity

the hypothesis that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thought

types of problems

Inducing structure, Arrangement, Transformation

problems of inducing structure

require people to discover relationships among numbers, words, symbols, ideas)

problems of arrangement

require people to arrange parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion

problems of transformation

requires people to carry out sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal

mental set

exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

holistic cognitive style

focuses on wholes, Eastern Asian cultures

analytic cognitive style

focuses on parts, Western cultures

deliberation-without-attention effect

when people are faced with complex choices, they make better decisions not caring

availability heuristic

involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which it comes to mind

System 1

thinking fast, automatic, little effort and control

System 2

thinking slow, control and more effortful

semantic slanting

refers to deliberately choosing words to create specific emotional responses

bounded rationality (Simon’s)

asserts that people make irrational decisions because they focus on only a few of the available options

expected value

need to know the average value + the actual probability of each outcome

Pavlov discovered conditional reflexes which we originally called

psychic reflexes

renewal effect

if a response is extinguished in a different environment than acquired, response will reappear when back in OG response

higher-order conditioning

a CS functions as if it were an UCS (common in human conditioned responses)

preparedness

a species specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others (explains common phobias)

law of effect

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between stimulus and response is strengthened

cumulative recorder

creates a graphic record of time response and accumulation of responses (rapid responses = steep slope)

escape learning

organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation (form of negative reinforcement)

avoidance learning

organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring (type of negative reinforcement)

key processes in observational learning

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation

behavior modification (David Watson and Roland Tharp)

systemic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning

structural encoding

shallow processing, emphasizes physical structure of stimulus (length, lowercase, letters)

phonemic encoding

emphasizes what a word sounds like

semantic encoding

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

elaboration

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

working memory (4 components)

limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing interface between perception/memory/action

clustering

the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

schema-organized cluster

knowledge about a particular object/event abstracted from previous experience with object/event (professors office study)

semantic networks

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

spreading activation

when people think of a word, their thoughts naturally go to related words

misinformation effect

occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altereed by introducing misleading post-event information

source monitoring error

occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve

Ebbinghaus was first to conduct studies of forgetting (on himself). the forgetting curve graphs retention and forgetting over time

retention interval

length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered and the measurement of forgetting

relearning measure of retention

requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before

pseudoforgetting

(ineffective encoding) you can’t forget something you never learned - usually due to lack of attention

retroactive interference

occurs when new information impairs the retention of old information

proactive interference

occurs when old information interferes with the retention of new information

DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) paradigm

15 words were associated with a target word, the target word was recalled 50% of the time, and during recognition test 80% of the time

transience (sins of omission)

simple weakening of a memory overtime

absentmindness (sins of omission)

memory failure that is often due to failure to pay attention

blocking (sins of omission)

temporary problem that occurs when we fail to retrieve an item of information