civil rights quiz -- 4.23

reconstruction —

when the North and South were trying to rejoin the union and negotiate after the civil war

What was the main goal of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction?

to make the South pay for what they did ( breaking off and rebelling ) and punish the former slave owners

they also wanted to help the former slaves

freedmen’s bureau —

federal agency that wanted to give jobs to former slaves and transition them into citizens

why was education important to the freedmen’s bureau ?

the children were going to be and lead the future, so they should have better opportunities

compromise of 1877 —

a compromise that settled the election of 1876, which Hayes president

the federal government was taken out of the South and it ended reconstruction

Jim Crow laws —

the idea of legalizing racial segregation in the South ; the separation of people by race

de jure segregation —

segregation that’s forced and imposed by law, most common in the South

de facto segregation —

segregation by a custom or tradition, more common in the North

what’s an example of de facto segregation ?

African Americans being denied housing in the North

What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessy v. Ferguson?

segregation was constitutional, as long as the separate facilities were equal

How did World War II help the Civil Rights movement?

it introduced the modern civil rights movement ; discrimination was starting to be outlawed

African-Americans also served in the military, and the war impacted everyone

Congress on Racial Equality ( CORE ) —

a group that wanted to end discrimination and improve relations with other races, they used non-violent protest methods and organized sit-ins to gain civil rights

Jackie Robinson —

first African American to play major league baseball for the Dodgers, his career led to the integration of other races in sports

Who was the NAACP’s lawyer ?

Thurgood Marshall

What cases did Thurgood Marshall argue ?

Sweatt v. Painter, Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

What happened with the Sweatt, Sipuel, and McLaurin cases ?

the court said that the states of Texas and Oklahoma didn’t provide equal education opportunities , so it violated the separate but equal “policy”

What did the NAACP try to challenge in the Brown v. Board of Education case ?

the separate but equal principle

What did the Supreme Court rule in this case?

segregation was unconstitutional and everyone should have equal opportunities

Hernandez v. Texas case —

argued that Mexican-Americans should be able to serve as jurors ; the Supreme Court ruled in favor

Why was the Supreme Court’s ruling important ?

the court ruled in favor of 2 minority groups in less than a month

How did the Brown ruling impact everyone ?

public education impacted everyone, and it showed that the court supported civil rights activists

the Supreme Court said that …

“ all schools had to desegregate with all deliberate speed”

Southern Manifesto —

issued by 100 southern members of congress, said that they would oppose the ruling by “all lawful means”

After the Brown ruling, which “group” became popular again ?

the KKK ( Ku Klux Klan )

“White Citizens Councils ” —

created after the Brown ruling, tried to apply economic + political pressure against people who agreed with the Court’s decision

Why did Arkansas governor send the national guard to Central High School in Little Rock?

he opposed the ending of segregation

Elizabeth Eckford —

high school student who was a part of the 9 students who went to Central High after segregation ended ; faced lots of discrimination, she was even spat on

How did President Eisenhower react to the story of the Little Rock Nine?

when he realized that he had to respond, he sent federal troops to protect the students and to enforce the court's decision

3 Parts of the Civil Rights Act —

1. the US attorney general could bring lawsuits to address civil rights violations in court

2. the Attorney General had more power to protect voting rights of African Americans

3. it established the Civil Rights Commission and gave power to investigate violations of civil rights

Rosa Parks —

an African American woman that was active in civil rights and whose arrest started the Montgomery Bus boycott (she refused to move and give up her seat to a white person)

How was Rosa Parks involved in the civil rights movement ?

she was a part of the NAACP before the boycott

How did Martin Luther King become the leader of the Montgomery Bus boycott ?

he gave a speech to the Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ), and the speech called for peaceful protests and a positive change

they continued the boycott and chose MLK as it's leader

How long did the boycott last ?

more than a year

What type of threats did MLK and other African Americans face ?

they faced economic pressures and threats of violence

an example would be when MLK's home was bombed/set on fire

What did the US Supreme Court rule in terms of segregation on public buses?

Montgomery’s laws were unconstitutional

Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) —

a civil rights group that was led by Martin Luther King and Ralph Abernathy; called for peaceful protests to fight against inequality