Reconstruction type

Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan

lenient plan allowing Southern states to rejoin once 10 percent of 1860 voters took a loyalty oath

Wade-Davis Bill

Radical Republican plan requiring 50 percent of voters to take an Iron‑Clad oath

Freedmen’s Bureau

federal agency aiding refugees and freed slaves especially through education

Black Codes

Southern laws restricting Black freedom and forcing cheap labor

Civil Rights Act of 1866

first federal law defining citizenship and guaranteeing equal rights

13th Amendment

abolished slavery throughout the United States

14th Amendment

granted citizenship and guaranteed equal protection and due process

15th Amendment

prohibited denying voting rights based on race color or previous servitude

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

divided the South into military districts and required 14th Amendment ratification

Tenure of Office Act

law preventing the president from firing cabinet officials without Senate approval

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Johnson was impeached for firing Edwin Stanton but acquitted by one vote

Sharecropping System

labor system trapping freedmen in debt through crop‑sharing agreements

Enforcement Acts

federal laws empowering the president to suppress the KKK and protect Black voters

US v Cruikshank

ruling that the 14th Amendment applied only to state actions not private violence

Panic of 1873

economic depression that shifted Northern focus away from civil rights

Compromise of 1877

deal awarding Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing federal troops from the South

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical Republican leader who pushed for harsh Southern punishment and Black rights

Andrew Johnson

Southern Democrat president who clashed with Radical Republicans and narrowly avoided removal

Radical Republicans

congressional faction that imposed military Reconstruction and passed major amendments

Carpetbaggers

Northern migrants to the South seeking political economic or humanitarian roles

Scalawags

white Southerners who joined the Republican Party during Reconstruction

Women’s Suffrage Split

division among activists over the 15th Amendment excluding women

Grantism

term for corruption scandals associated with the Grant administration

Redeemers

Southern Democrats aiming to restore white supremacy and end Reconstruction governments

Rutherford B Hayes

president whose election deal ended Reconstruction