(3) Chap 42 – Circulation and Respiration

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

• Heart – atria & ventricles 

• Arteries 

• Arterioles 

• Capillaries

 • Venules 

• Veins

What are the different types of circulation in invertebrates discussed in class?

Clam, worm, crayfish

Clam

3 chambered heart

Worm

 dorsal vessel

aortic arches (fills ventral vessel)

ventral vessel (returns blood to body)

Crayfish

sinuses fill before blood moves into heart

Two chambers (one atria and one ventricle)

along with a sinus venosus and a conus venosus

Two chambers plus septa

Lungfish

Three chambers (two atria and one ventricle)

amphibians, reptiles

Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles)

 Crocodilians, mammals, birds

What are the different types of circulatory schemes?

• Amphibians

• Reptiles 

• Mammals and birds

cardiac output

Volume of blood per minute from the left ventricle

What is the lymphatic system?

• Used to return lost fluid and proteins to blood

 What is the composition of mammalian blood?

• Plasma (55%)

• Cellular Elements (45%)

Know the factors in blood clotting

• Injury triggers platelets to area 

•  Changes prothrombin to thrombin which than converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Heart attack

Death of cardiac muscle

Stroke

Sudden blockage of blood to the brain

Atherosclerosis

build up of material on the cell wall of the artery

Arteriosclerosis

hardening of the artery

 LDL’s

low density lipids – bad cholesterol

 HDL’s

high density lipids – good cholesterol

What are the three conditions for respiratory surfaces?

• Large surface area

•  Thin

•  Moist

Aquatic Environment

Less than 1% oxygen

Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases

use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (20%)

Terrestrial environment

• About 21% oxygen

• Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation

• Animals use 1% - 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen

What are the four types of respiratory systems? 

• Cutaneous Respiration 

• Gills  

• Tracheal Systems 

• Lungs

What is countercurrent gas exchange? 

• Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries 

• Extracts 80% of the oxygen from the water