Lecture: Invertebrate Review, Arthoprods

open vs. closed circulatory system review

what is an open circulatory system?

Open circulatory system have a heart but not blood vessels

Do arthropods have an open or closed circulatory system?

Open

What is a closed circulatory system?

A closed circulatory system is characterized by heaving a heart and blood being contained within vessels, allowing for efficient transport of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

Quiz

Fill in the blank

Insects belong to which phyla ______

Hexapods within the phylum Arthropoda.

Quiz

How many feet do hexapods have?

Hexapods have six feet.

Quiz

Fill in the blank

Centipedes and millipedes belong to ______ caetegory of Arthropods

myriapods

Quiz

Does a millipede or a centipede have less legs per segment of its body?

A centipede has less legs per segment compared to a milipede

Quiz

Are centipedes toxic?

Yes, centipedes are toxic and can deliver a painful bite to their prey.

Quiz

are millipedes toxic?

No, millipedes are not toxic, but they can secrete substances that may irritate skin.

Quiz

How many legs does a millipede have per segment?

A millipede typically has two pairs of legs per body segment.

Quiz

What category do lobsters, shrimps, and crabs belong to?

Lobsters, shrimps, and crabs belong to the category of crustaceans, which are a class of arthropods characterized by their hard exoskeletons and jointed limbs.

What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

Vertebrates have a backbone, while invertebrates do not. Invertebrates make up the majority of animal species and include groups like arthropods and mollusks.

Fill in the blank

Vertebrates are a subphylum of ____

Chordata, chordates, characterized by having a backbone.

What two categories can vertebrates be broken into?

vertebrates can be broken into chordates and the one that don’t have a backbone

What is the closest phyla related to the chordata phylum?

The closest organisms related to the chordata phylum are echinodermata, specifically species such as starfish and sea urchins, which share a common ancestor.

What do echinoderms lack as embryos that chordates possess?

Echinoderms lack a notochord as embryos, which chordates possess, serving as a precursor to the backbone.

Read

All embryos have a notochord when they are young, but humans’ disappear as grow in adults

What structures derived from he notochord?

central nervous system and vertebral column in chordates.

What is the translation of chordates?

animals that have a spine

Lecture exam question

fill in the blank ectoderms develop into ______ and _____

central nervous system and skin

What does the mesoderm tissue develop into?

muscles, bones, and circulatory system.

What does endoderm develop into?

lining of the digestive tract and lungs

what is a complete digestive system?

A digestive system where food passes through a one-way tract, including a mouth and an anus, allowing for compartmentalization of digestion and absorption.

What are some characteristics of a chordate?

bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes (mouth development 2nd), triploblastic, coelomic (we have cavities), segmented and specialzation per segment

List some of the body cavities we have

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, cranial cavity, pelvic cavity

What are the four key structures of a chordate?

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail.

Where is dorsal hollow nerve cord located in an embryo?

next to the notochord during the embryonic development of chordates.

Quiz

True or false

All chordates have a notochord that will be maintained into adulthood

False

What does the dorsal nerve chord develop into?

the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

Pharyngeal develop into what?

gills for marine animals and the pharynx for land animals

where is the the notochord located in embryos?

between the dorsal nerve cord and the the gut.

What is the function of the notochord?

The notochord provides structural support to the developing embryo and serves as a precursor to the vertebral column in vertebrates.

What are the functions of the pharyngeal clefts?

gas exchange, suspension feeding, develop into the head, ear and neck in other animals

What is the name of the simplest chordate?

Lancelets

what are tunicates?

Tunicates, also known as sea squirts, are marine invertebrates that possess a notochord, gill slits, and a body covered by a tunic. They are filter feeders and exhibit both larval and adult forms, with larval forms being free-swimming and adult forms being mostly sessile.

Are hagfish chordates?

Yes, hagfish are considered chordates as they possess a notochord and other chordate features, although they lack a true vertebral column.

what structure do vertebrates have?

Vertebrates possess a backbone or vertebral column, providing structural support and protecting the spinal cord, along with a complex skeletal system. An elaborate skill

What is the oldest living lineage of the vertebrates?

Lamprey

Fill in the blank

____ appeared with he formation of jaws

Mineralization

What is the term for jawed vertebrates?

Gnathostomes

With the formation of a mouth there was also a duplication of Hox genes.

what are hox genes?

Hox genes are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis, determining the identity and arrangement of body segments.

What is the lateral line system?

The lateral line system is a sensory organ found in fish and amphibians that detects water movements and vibrations, helping in navigation and prey detection.

Fill in the blank

____ have a skeleton composed of cartilage

Chondrichthyans

What came 1st a mineralized or cartilagenous skeletal system?

the mineralized

Sharks, rays are ______

chondrichthyans.

What does oviparous mean?

Oviparous refers to animals that reproduce by laying eggs that develop outside the mother's body, typically with embryos obtaining nutrients from the yolk. They are known for their reproductive strategy that contrasts with viviparous or ovoviviparous modes.

What is ovivoparous?

The embryo develops w/in the uterus and is nourished by an egg yold

What is vivaparous?

Viviparous refers to animals that give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. In these species, embryos develop inside the mother's body and receive nutrients directly from her.

What are Osteichthyes?

Osteichthyes are a class of fish known as bony fish, characterized by a skeleton made primarily of bone tissue. This class includes both ray-finned and lobe-finned fish, and they possess a swim bladder for buoyancy.

What is the structure that protects the gills?

Operculum

Fill in the blank

Fish control their buoyancy w/ a structure known as ___

swim bladder

What were some adaptation of tetrapods?

Four limbs and sigits, ear for detecting airborne sounds and lungs for breathing air.

What does the term amphibian mean?

both ways of life— refers to organisms that can live both in water and on land. Amphibians undergo metamorphosis, typically starting as aquatic larvae and transitioning to terrestrial adults.

Where do amphibians breath through?

Amphibians breathe primarily through their skin and lungs. Their permeable skin allows for gas exchange while in water and during respiration.

Where does fertilization occur for amphibians?

Fertilization for amphibians typically occurs externally in water, where eggs are fertilized by sperm in the surrounding environment.

What are the 3 orders in the amphibian phyla?

The three orders in the amphibian phyla are Anura (frogs and toads), Urodela (salamanders and newts), and Apoda (caecilians).

What are amniotes?

Amniotes are a group of tetrapod that include reptiles, birds, and mammals. They are named for their derived characteristic; They possess an amniotic sac that protects the embryo during development.

What are the extraembryonic membranes?

amnion chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

What animals belong to the reptile clad?

Reptiles include turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodilians, and birds.

Do dinosaurs belong to the reptile clad?

Yes, dinosaurs are classified within the reptile clade, as they share common ancestry with modern reptiles.

Reptiles are ectothermic. What is ectothermic?

Ectothermic animals rely on external environmental heat sources to regulate their body temperature, as opposed to generating their own heat internally.

Birds are endothermic. What does endothermic mean?

Endothermic animals generate their own body heat internally, allowing them to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of environmental conditions. Endothermic animals are warm-blooded, maintaining a stable body temperature through metabolic processes.

What are theropods?

Theropods are a group of bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs characterized by hollow bones, three-toed limbs, and, in some, feathers. This group includes well-known species like Tyrannosaurus rex and modern birds.

Waht is the name of the oldest bird known?

The oldest known bird is Archaeopteryx, which lived during the Late Jurassic period.

What is the time period that the dinosaurs became extinct?

The time period during which dinosaurs became extinct is known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, approximately 66 million years ago.

What are some physical characteristic that mammals have?

Mammals typically have hair or fur, mammary glands for feeding young, and a three-bone middle ear structure. They are warm-blooded and possess specialized teeth. Other characteristics include live birth and a highly developed brain.

What 2 prehistoric bones gave raise to the present day eardrum bones?

The two prehistoric bones are the articular and the quadrate.

what are the 3 living lineages of the mammals that emerged by the early cretacrous period?

monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

Three living lineages of mammals include monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians, which emerged during the early Cretaceous period.

What are monotremes?

Monotremes are a group of egg-laying mammals, which include the platypus and echidnas. They are characterized by their unique reproductive method, having mammary glands but lacking nipples, instead secreting milk through skin openings.

What are some examples of marsupials?

Examples of marsupials include kangaroos, koalas, and opossums. They are known for giving birth to relatively undeveloped young that typically continue to develop in a pouch.

Fill in the blank

Marsupials are born very early in its development, It completes its embryonic development while nursing in the maternal pouch called _______.

the marsupium.

True or false

Eutherans have a shorter period of pregnancy

False; eutherans have a longer gestation period compared to monotremes and marsupials.

Read

the young complete their embryonic development within a uterus joined to the mother by the placenta

Fill in the blank

The name primates is a ________. (phylum, class, order, genus?)

order. The name primates is a classification category that includes species such as monkeys, apes, and humans.

In which group of primates do monkeys and apes beong to ??

Antropoids

Fill the blank

Humans ar emembes of the ____ group

Anthropoid

What animals are included in the primates order?

The order of primates includes monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans, characterized by their flexible limbs, large brains, and complex social behaviors. They are known for their adaptability and diverse ecological roles.

What are some cheacteristics of primates?

hands and feet are adapted for grasping

large brain and short jaw

forward looking eyes. closed together on face

complext social behavior and parantal care

opossable thumb

which primate is our sister clade?

chipanzees and bonobs

where did the firsst monkeys evolve?

Africa and Asia

Fill in the blank

The moneys in the new world were from _______ continent

Asiathe Asian

Fill in the blank

The moneys in the old world were from _______ continent

Africa

What is the study of human origins called?

The study of human origins is called anthropology.

True or false

Hominins are more closely related to chimpanzees than humans

False, hominins are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees. Hominins include species more closely related to modern humans than to chimpanzees.

Whar charcteristics distingush humnas from other apes?

upright posture and bipedal locomotion

larger brains

language capabilities and symbolic thought

manufacute and use of complex tools

shortened jaw

shorter digestive tract

and reduced body hair.

What is a common misconception about hominins?

thinkign them as chimpanzees

what came first australoptihs or hominins

Homininsa and then astrolopithicus

There was development of 2 types of australopiths? What were they

the gracile and robust australopiths.

What came first the evolution of the human brain or upright posture?

The evolution of upright posture occurred before the significant development of the human brain, enabling early hominins to adapt to new environments and ecological niches.

What is the genus and species of the earliest fossil in the human genus?

The genus and species of the earliest fossil in the human genus is Homo habilis.

Where did the hominin homo erectus oirginate?

Homo erectus originated in Africa, spreading to Asia and Europe.

What came first homp erectus or neanderthals?

Homo erectus came first, evolving around 1.9 million years ago, while Neanderthals emerged later, around 400,000 years ago.

What is FOXP2 gene code for?