BMS 301 Unit 1

What does the transverse/cross-section plane divide the body into?

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

Divides body into left and right portions

What does the frontal/coronal plane divide the body into?

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

What are the four portions of the lower limb? (Work proximal to distal)

1. Gluteal

2. Thigh

3. Leg

4. Foot

What are the boundaries and bones in the gluteal region?

Boundaries: Iliac crest to inferior gluteal fold

Bones: Ilium, ischium, pubis

What are the boundaries and bones in the thigh region?

Boundaries: Gluteal fold to knee

Bones: Femur

What are the boundaries and bones in the leg region?

Boundaries: Knee to ankle

Bones: Tibia and fibula

What are the boundaries and bones in the foot region?

Boundaries: Everything distal to the ankle

Bones: Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

The left/right hip bones and the sacrum

What is the Acetabulum?

The "socket" of the ball-and-socket hip joint

Describe where the ilium, ischium (spine and tuberosity) and the pubis is

The ilium is the most superior portion

The ischium is the inferior, posterior portion

• The ischial spine is more superior

• The ischial tuberosity is more inferior

The pubis is the inferior, anterior portion

What is the sub-pubic angle and how does the sub-pubic angle differ in males vs females?

• Sub-Pubic Angle: Where the two pubic bones meet in the middle

• In females it is wider to account for childbirth

Describe a fibrous joint type and give an example

• Non-moveable

• E.x. Sutures in the skull

Describe a cartilaginous joint type and give an example

• Slightly moveable

• E.x. Pubic symphysis for childbirth

• E.x. Intervertebral discs

Describe a synovial joint type, each subset of a synovial joint, and give an example

Freely moveable

Uniaxial: One direction of movement

• Elbow can flex/extend

Biaxial: Two directions of movement

• Knuckles can flex/extend and adduct/abduct

Multiaxial: Multiple directions of movement

• Hips/shoulders can flex/extend, adduct/abduct and rotate medially/laterally

Nonaxial: Gliding joints

• Tarsal bones in foot

What are the four characteristics of every synovial joint?

1. Articular Cartilage: Line the two points of the bone that come together to articulate

2. Synovial Membrane: Keeps synovial fluid in joint

3. Joint/Articular Capsule: Surrounds synovial membrane

4. Joint Cavity: Filled with synovial fluid

What are the two joints in the pelvic girdle?

1. Lumbosacral Joint: Connects spine to sacrum, cartilaginous

2. Sacroiliac Joint: Connects ilium and sacrum, synovial

What are the three ligaments in the pelvic girdle?

1. Sacroiliac Ligament: Connects sacrum and ilium

2. Sacrotuberous Ligament: Connects sacrum to ischial tuberosity

3. Sacrospinous Ligament: Connects sacrum to ischial spine I

What are the two hip ligaments?

1. Ischiofemoral Ligament: Connects ischium to femur posteriorly

2. Iliofemoral Ligament: Connects ilium to femur anteriorly (Y-joint)

Describe the origin, insertion, action, function and innervation of the gluteus maximus

• Origin: Posterior ilium and sacrum 

• Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract 

• Action: Most powerful hip extensor 

• Function: Resist/limit hip flexion 

•  Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve

Describe the origin, insertion, action, function and innervation of the tensor fascia latae

• Origin: Iliac crest 

• Insertion: Iliotibial tract/band (IT band)

• Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction (away from midline), medial rotation (towards midline)

• Fx: Lateral stabilization of hip (resists lengthening/lateral rotation 

• Inn: Superior gluteal nerve

Describe the origin, insertion, action, function and innervation of the lesser gluteals

• Origin: Posterior ilium 

• Insertion: Posterior/lateral femur 

• Action: Hip abduction (pulling femur away from midline) and medial rotation 

• Fx: Limits hip adduction 

• Inn: Superior gluteal nerve

What are the 5 hip intrinsics?

1. Piriformis

2. Superior Gemellus

3. Obturator Internus

4. Inferior Gemellus

5. Quadratus Femoris

Describe the origin, insertion, action, function and innervation of the hip intrinsics

• A: Posterior sacrum/ilium 

• B: Posterior/lateral femur 

• Action: Lateral rotation, abduction 

• Fx: Proprioception (where limbs/mm. are in space) 

• Inn: Lumbosacral plexus

What tendon groove runs in-between the calcaneus and the sustentaculum tali?

The groove of flexor hallucis longus tendon

What tendon groove runs in-between the calcaneus and the suboid?

The groove of fibularis longus tendon

Describe where the sustentaculum talis is

On the medial edge of the talus

Which neurons are present in the PNS?

Afferent (sensory) neurons to transmit information from the periphery to the CNS

Which neurons are present in the CNS?

Efferent (Motor) neurons to take motor information from the CNS out to the periphery to have an action

Define Reflex

Stereotypical motor event to sensory stimulus

What are the four components of the reflex arc?

1. Receptor: Sensory information is coming in to sensory receptors 

2. Afferent (sensory) Neuron: Comes into CNS 

3. Efferent (motor) Neuron

4. Target Organ: Muscle being innervated

What are the two nerve types in the CNS and what does each nerve type do?

Cranial Nerves

• Autonomic function

• Somatic function

Spinal Nerves

• Autonomic function

• Somatic function

• Special sense function

Define autonomic function

Motor: Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (e.g., intestines, heart, sweat glands)

Sensory: Carries visceral sensory information from internal organs (e.g., GI tract)

Control: Unconscious/involuntary

Define somatic function

Motor: Controls skeletal muscles (voluntary movement)

Sensory: Carries information from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles

Control: Conscious/voluntary

Define special sense function

Carries information for the special senses, including hearing, balance (equilibrium), vision, taste, smell

How many bilateral pairs does the cranial nerve have?

12

How many bilateral pairs does the spinal nerve have?

31

What is the location of the cranial nerve?

It exits/enters in the foramina of the base of the skull where they originate from the brain stem

What is the location of the spinal nerve?

It exits/enters the intervertebral foramen

Define Plexus

Ventral/anterior rami come together to create a complex network that innervates skin & skeletal muscle to body wall and limbs

What are the four plexus?

1. Cervical Plexus: Supplies regions of the neck 

2. Brachial Plexus: Supplies all of the upper limbs 

3. Lumbar Plexus + Sacral Plexus: Join together to form larger lumbosacral plexus to supply the lower limbs

Detail the reflex arc

1. Sensors in the true muscle and in the skin/limb muscle

2. The sensors detect a stimulus and send out afferent (sensory) neurons

3. The signal originating from the true muscle passes through the posterior ramus

4. The signal originating from the skin/limbs passes through the anterior ramus

5. The signals meet at the spinal nerve and travel to the posterior root ganglion where their cell bodies are

6. The signal passes through the posterior root and then synapses onto the posterior horn

7. Interneurons (not always required) take the signal to the anterior horn where it passes through the anterior root

8. The signal goes to the spinal nerve and then passes back tthrough the posterior ramus for true muscles or anterior ramus for skeletal/limb muscles as their target organ

The "safe area" in the gluteal region for injections/wounds is _________________________.

 A. anywhere because the muscles are so large

B. the inferior medial quadrant

 C. just above the gluteal fold

 D. the superior lateral quadrant

 E. Answers C and D are correct

 D. the superior lateral quadrant

The primary function of the foot extrinsics is to move the toes.

 

TRUE

FALSE

False

Which muscle can extend the hip AND flex the knee? 

 A. biceps femoris muscle (short head)

 B.  semitendinosus muscle

 C. gastrocnemius muscle

 D. adductor magnus muscle

 E. answers C and D are correct

B. semitendinosus muscle

The lesser gluteals, (medius & minimus),

 

A. are innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve

B. prevent hip adduction during locomotion

C. attach distally to the lesser trochanter

D. are innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve

E. attach distally to the greater trochanter

F. answers B and E are correct

F. answers B and E are correct

Muscle(s) that pass behind the lateral malleolus are the

 A. peroneus(fibularis) longus

B. flexor digitorum brevis

 C. tibialis posterior

 D. all of the above

 A. peroneus(fibularis) longus

What is the function of the ilopsoas muscle?

Hip flexion

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?

Tibial nerve

What artery supplies the muscles of the thigh?

Deep femoral artery

The hamstring muscles share a common proximal attachment. What is the name of this bony landmark?

Ischial tuberosity

Name the ligament of the ankle that prevents hyper-eversion at this joint.

medial collateral ligament of the ankle