A Beka Biology Chapter 22 Review - Mrs. Farmer

Cell

The unit of structure and function of living things on earth

Cytology or Cell Biology

The study of cells

Nucleus

A spherical body often located near the center of the cell which contains the genetic code of the cell and serves as the cell's master control center.

Cell Membrane

Thin, flexible membrane that surrounds the cell. It regulates the flow of substances into and out of it and can repair itself.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid--governs the construction and operation of the cell and contains the "blueprints" used to construct the cell's machinery as well as the "blueprint" of all other cells in the organism.

Nuclear Envelope

Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell, resembles the cell membrane in its chemical structure, but consists of two separate layers with a narrow water-filled space between them.

Nuclear Pores

Large protein complexes in the nuclear envelope that serve as the "gates," regulating the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus.

Nucleolus

A distinct region embedded within the nucleus where the ribosomes are assembled

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like fluid that contains an extraordinary diversity of organelles as well as numerous dissolved chemicals. The cytoplasm serves as the fluid medium for those molecules and organelles.

Organelle

The "little organs" in the cell's cytoplasm. They all have different jobs within the cell

Cytoskeleton

The intricate internal skeleton of the cell that helps it maintain its shape and acts as the "highway system" of the cell.

What are the three main parts of an animal or plant cell?

Nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm

Centrioles

Serve as the foundation of the cytoskeleton and help distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division.

Mitochondria

"Power plants" of the cell that oxidize or "burn" carbohydrates and fats and use the energy to produce ATP

Chloroplasts

Capture energy of sunlight and use it to produce glucose. Found in plant cells.

Ribosomes

Protein factories of the cell--manufacture protiens from amino acids

Cell Theory

All living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

How many chromosomes are there in each human cell?

46

Endocytosis

the process by which a cell takes in large substances

Phagocytosis

"cell eating," active transport in which a cell surrounds solid particles with its cell membrane and then engulfs them.

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking," active transport in which the cell membrane allows an amount of liquid to enter the cell before it pinches off to entrap the engulfed material

How is the size of an organism determined?

It is determined by the number of its cells, not the size of its cells

Mitosis

cell division

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

What are the four steps of mitosis in order?

Interphase

The stage between cell divisions when the cell's normal activities occur. The DNA is replicated during this stage.

Prophase

Cell packages its DNA into chromosomes, nucleolus and nuclear membrane are dismantled, and spindle apparatus forms.

Metaphase

Chromatids are attached to spindle apparatus, and chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell.

Anaphase

Chromatids separate from each other and are dragged along the microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

A new nucleus and nucleolus form at each end of the cell, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and turn back into chromatin, and the cell membrane pinches in half, dividing the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected sacs and tubules that is connected to the nuclear envelope and extends throughout the cell.

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Smooth ER

Serves to break down toxins and wastes, manufacture necessary fat molecules, and recycle cell components

Rough ER

ER that is studded with ribosomes

Lysosomes

Break down protiens and other cell molecules for recycling and can be used to destroy bacteria that invade body cells

Golgi apparatus

A structure that serves as the "shipping center" of the cell

Vacuoles

Store food and other materials for later use

Flagellum

A large, moveable, whip-like tail that extends from the cell, allowing it to move

Cilia

Tiny, hair-like projections that extend from the cell membrane. They can be used to move the cell itself or move objects outside of the cell

Cellular Respiration

The process where food molecules are combined with oxygen, producing ATP

Still learning (38)

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