PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Pre-Socratics

Philosophers who preoccupied themselves with the question of the primary substratum, arche’, that explains the multiplicity of things in the world.

Thales, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Empedocles

Who are these men that are concerned with explaining what the world is really made up of, why the world is so, and what explains the changes that they observed around them.

Socrates and know thyself

Was more concerned with another subject, the problem of the self. This has become his life-long mission, the true task of the philosopher is to ________.

Socrates

“The unexamined life is not worth living”

Body

The imperfect and impermanent aspect

Soul

The perfect and permanent aspect

Rational Soul, spirited Soul, and Appetitive Soul

The Three Components of the Soul

The Republic

Plato's magnum opus that emphasizes justice can only be attained when the three parts of the soul work harmoniously with one another.

Rational Soul

Forged by reason and intellect has to govern the affairs of the human person

Spirited Soul

Which is in charge of emotions should be kept at bay

Appetitive Soul

One in charge of base desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex are controlled as well

Augustine

Following the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound doctrine of Christianity, agreed that man is of a bifurcated nature. An aspect of man dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the Divine and the other is capable of reaching immortality.

bound to die on earth and to anticipate living eternally

The body is _____ and the soul is _____  in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. 

Thomas Aquinas

adapted Aristotle's ideas, stating man consists of matter (hyle) and form (morphe). Soul is what animates the body; it is what makes us humans. 

matter or hyle

_______ in Greek, refers to common stuff that makes up everything in the universe. Man’s body is part of this _________.

Essence of a substance or thing

Morphe in Greek refers to the “_____”. It is what makes what it is.

Rene Descartes

Father of Modern Philosophy. Conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind.

rene descartes

The self then for ______ is also a combination of two distinct entities: cogito (mind) and extenza (body)

rene descartes and existence of self

In the end, ________ thought that the only thing that one cannot doubt is the ________, for even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a doubting self, a thing that thinks and therefore, that cannot be doubted. 

Mind (Cogito) and Body (Extenza)

The self then for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct entities: The thing that thinks, and the the extension of the mind.

Cogito Ergo Sum “I think, therefore, I am”

Rene Descartes famous quote

David Hume

• a Scottish philosopher, is an empiricist who believes that one can know only what comes from the senses and experiences. 

• argues that the self is not an entity over and beyond the physical body.

empiricism

_______ is the school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced. 

David Hume

the self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions [or collection of different perceptions]. 

experience or sensation and copies of impressions

• Impressions are the basic objects of our _______ . They therefore form the core of our thoughts.

• Ideas are _______

Immanuel Kant

Thinking of the “self” as a mere combination of impressions was problematic

kant and apparatuses of the mind

To ________, there is necessarily a mind that organizes impressions that men get from the external world. And it is called ________

Plato

Who made the three components of the soul?

gilbert ryle non-physical self

solves the mind-body dichotomy that has been running for a long time in the history of thought by blatantly denying the concept of an internal, _______.

gilbert ryle manifests

For ______, what truly matters is the behavior that a person ______ in his day-to-day life. 

Merleau-Ponty

is a phenomenologist who asserts that the mind-body bifurcation that has been going on for a long time is a futile endeavor and an invalid problem. 

embodied experience

To Merleau-Ponty, one cannot find any experience that is not an __________. All experience is ________. 

meleau-ponty mind and body

Unlike Ryle who simply denies the “self”, ________ instead says that _____ and _____ are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another

Cartesian Dualism

Merleau-Ponty dismisses the ________  that has spelled so much devastation in the history of man. For him, the ______ problem is nothing else but plain misunderstanding.