pbsi 235 final review- quizzes

What is the innermost layer of the meninges?

The Pia Mater

Which of the following is not a division of the peripheral nervous system?

The Spinal Cord

Which cortical lobe contains the visual system?

Occipital Lobe

How many distinct layers does the neocortex have?

6

What is the difference between a neural system and a neural circuit?

A neural system is a population of neurons that communicate across the boundaries between brain regions, while a neural circuit is a population of neurons that communicates within one brain region or between immediately adjacent brain regions.

Where are the receptors that bind neurotransmitters generally found?

The post-synaptic membrane

The nucleus is found in the __________ of a neuron.

Soma

Which type of glial cell creates myelin sheaths within the brain and spinal cord?

Oligodendrocytes

Which brain region is NOT a part of the limbic system?

Basal Ganglia

In which region of the brain is the limbic system (hippocampus & Amygdala)?

Forebrain - Telencephalon

What are the spaces between myelination called?

Nodes of Ranvier

Which cellular mechanism allows ions to move against their concentration gradient?

Sodium/Potassium Pump

What happens during the refractory period?

Voltage-gated sodium channels will not open, meaning no action potential can occur.

What is diffusion?

The tendency of particles to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated until they are uniform in solution.

What does a neurotransmitter that causes positively charged ions to enter the cell create?

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

Which ion has a higher concentration inside the neuron relative to outside?

Potassium

Which ion triggers neurotransmitter release at the axon terminals?

Calcium

At what voltage do voltage-gated sodium channels open on the interior of the axon?

-40 mV

What effect do drugs with --Caine in their name have on electrical communication?

They prevent voltage-gated sodium channels from working.

Which ions primarily enter and leave the neuron during action potential conduction?

Sodium enters and Potassium leaves.

What is an example of an endogenous opioid?

Enkephalin

What is true of dopamine receptors?

All dopamine receptors are metabotropic.

What does it mean if a person's dose-effect curve moves to the right?

They have likely developed Tolerance to the drug.

Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in the synaptic connection between neurons and muscles?

Acetylcholine

How do metabotropic receptors differ from ionotropic receptors?

Ionotropic receptors open ion channels directly, whereas metabotropic receptors rely on the activation of G proteins.

Which neurotransmitter serves as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Glutamate

What are ways that neurotransmitters can leave the synaptic cleft?

All of the above (reuptake into the neuron, reuptake into nearby glia, enzymatic degradation).

What type of antagonist is Benadryl?

Histamine Antagonist

Which neurotransmitter serves as the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Pharmacokinetics refers to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion of a drug; pharmacodynamics refers to the drug's effects at its site of action.

What does information from a given dermatome correspond to?

A particular body part

What happens to a tonic receptor's firing rate over time when a stimulus is constantly applied?

Its firing rate will stay the same

Which type of muscle contracts quickly and tires quickly?

Skeletal fast-twitch muscles

What is the area within which a single sensory receptor cell can detect a stimulus called?

Receptive Field

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

What is true about the organization of the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex?

Both are organized topographically

Where are the somas of dorsal root ganglion cells located?

Outside of the spinal cord

Which brain region is involved in precision motor control and motor learning?

Cerebellum

What sense refers to feeling where your limbs are in space?

Proprioception

What is true about D1 and D2 dopamine receptors?

D1-like receptor activation sends a 'Go' signal; D2-like receptor activation sends a 'Stop' signal

What do Capula and Hair Cells have in common?

Both have Mechanically-gated ion channels

Where are the cell bodies of hair cells found?

Basilar membrane

What characterizes louder sounds?

High Amplitudes

What are the Malleus, Incus, & Stapes part of?

Ossicles

The organization of primary auditory cortex is based on which region of the ear?

Organ of Corti

When the stereocilia of hair cells deflect, what type of neuron do they release neurotransmitter onto?

Spiral Ganglion Neurons

Where does auditory information cross to the contralateral hemisphere?

Between the cochlear nucleus and the superior olivary nucleus

Which vestibular structures allow detection of head angle?

Semicircular Canals

What type of hearing loss involves damage to the systems allowing for stimuli to be transduced?

Sensorineural hearing loss

What is the fleshy part of the outer ear called?

Pinna

Which taste involves metabotropic glutamate receptors?

Umami/Savory

Where do olfactory mitral cells project?

Directly to Olfactory Cortex

How do taste receptor cells transduce chemical stimuli?

Releasing ATP

Where does taste information cross to the contralateral side of the brain?

None of the above

In humans, how many types of olfactory receptors are there?

~400

Which structure is involved in the detection of pheromones?

Vomeronasal Organ

How many subunits does a dimer have?

2

Which taste involves H+ channels?

Sour

Where do electrical signals from the tongue pass after the Solitary Nucleus?

Thalamus

Which structure contains the dendrites of mitral cells and the axons of olfactory receptor cells?

Glomerulus

What helps regulate circadian rhythm?

Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Where does visual information from the optic nerve pass before reaching the visual cortex?

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.

How do off-center retinal ganglion cells respond when their photoreceptive cell detects light?

They fire less rapidly.

Which region of the retina has the highest density of cones?

Fovea.

On which side does information from the nasal retina enter the brain?

Contralateral.

Which part of the eye refracts light toward the retina?

Both lens and cornea.

Which region of the retina has the highest concentration of rods?

Peripheral retina areas.

Which photoreceptor responds best to lower light levels?

Rods.

How many types of cones does the average human have?

3.

How do eyes adjust to different levels of light?

All of the above.

What happens to an osmosensory neuron in a hypertonic extracellular fluid?

The cell will shrivel up.

Which hormone stimulates NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Ghrelin.

What describes the range within which a physiological system can function?

Set zone.

Where are osmosensory neurons found?

The circumventricular organs.

What drives hypovolemic thirst?

Baroreceptors in the blood vessels of the kidneys & heart.

What is the body's response to overheating?

Sweating is an example of negative feedback.

What effect does insulin have on neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Stimulates POMC neurons, indirectly inhibits NPY neurons.

Which region of the hypothalamus is involved in physiological thermoregulatory responses?

Preoptic Area.

Which brain system drives hedonic food consumption?

Nucleus Accumbens.

What is true of glucose?

Glucose is an essential nutrient.

Circadian rhythms occur over what cycle?

~24 hour.

From where is melatonin released?

Pineal gland.

Which person will likely require the most sleep to stay healthy?

A newborn baby.

Which stage of sleep involves high synchrony between brain regions?

Slow-Wave Sleep (Stage 3).

What impact would a lesion of the reticular formation have?

The animal would sleep persistently, having trouble waking.

What would a stroke victim with damage to their suprachiasmatic nucleus experience regarding sleep?

Time of day would not matter much to when they slept.

Complete the sentence: Two proteins _______ & ________ dimerize in SCN neurons, sending a signal that activates ________ & ________ genes.

Clock & Cycle; Period & Cryptochrome.

What are external sensory cues that help sync the circadian rhythm called?

Zeitgebers.

What does REM behavior disorder include?

Sleepwalking.

Is REM sleep more common at the beginning of sleep?

False.

Which region of the amygdala is involved in the behavioral expression of fear and anxiety?

Central Nucleus

Which facial muscles create subtle movements in the skin of the face?

Superficial

Which of the following is NOT a part of the HPA axis?

Hippocampus

Which brain regions are NOT involved in emotional processing?

All of the Above are Involved in Emotional Processing

What effect does the perception of control have on stress resilience?

Perception of control increases stress resilience

Abulia commonly involves damage to which brain structure?

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Facial expressions for which emotion are most universally expressed across cultures?

Happiness

Who believes that individual emotions are coordinated by specific locations in the brain?

Locationists

This region of the amygdala is involved in emotional processing and memory.

Basolateral Amygdala

Who believes that the whole brain works together to construct each emotion?

Constructionists