PHGY M1 Block 2
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50 Terms
Why is water essential for life?
It acts as a solvent and supports cellular chemical reactions.
What property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?
Polarity.
What is a polar molecule?
A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge.
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water-loving; interacts readily with water.
What does hydrophobic mean?
Water-fearing; does not interact readily with water.
What is an amphipathic molecule?
A molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Why is carbon important for life?
It can form four covalent bonds and create complex molecules.
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
Four.
What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Energy storage and structure.
What is a monosaccharide?
A single sugar molecule.
What is glucose?
A monosaccharide used as a major cellular energy source.
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined together.
What is a polysaccharide?
A polymer made of many monosaccharides.
What is the primary function of lipids?
Energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling.
What are phospholipids?
Lipids that form the plasma membrane.
What are the major components of a phospholipid?
Head group, phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acid tails.
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
The head group and phosphate group.
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The fatty acid tails.
Why are phospholipids amphipathic?
They contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
Long-term energy storage.
What are steroids?
Lipids with a four-ring structure used in signaling and membrane function.
What is cholesterol?
A steroid that helps regulate membrane properties.
What are nucleotides?
The building blocks of DNA and RNA.
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What is the function of nucleotides?
Store genetic information and participate in energy transfer.
What molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?
ATP.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate.
What are amino acids?
The building blocks of proteins.
How many standard amino acids are used to build proteins?
20.
What bond joins amino acids together?
A peptide bond.
What is a peptide?
A short chain of amino acids.
What is a protein?
A polymer of amino acids.
What determines the properties of an amino acid?
Its R-group.
What are hydrophobic amino acids?
Amino acids with nonpolar R-groups.
What are charged hydrophilic amino acids?
Amino acids with positively or negatively charged R-groups.
What are polar amino acids?
Amino acids with polar uncharged R-groups.
What are aromatic amino acids?
Amino acids containing aromatic rings.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The amino acid sequence.
What ultimately determines a protein's structure and function?
Its amino acid sequence.
What type of bond holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together in nucleic acids?
Covalent bonds.
What type of bond commonly stabilizes interactions involving water and biomolecules?
Hydrogen bonds.
Why are proteins important in cells?
They perform most cellular functions.
What role do enzymes play in cells?
They speed up chemical reactions.
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made of repeating subunits.
What is a monomer?
A small building block used to make polymers.
Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
Nucleic acids.
Which macromolecule forms most enzymes?
Proteins.
Which macromolecule forms the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids.
Which macromolecule is the major immediate energy source for cells?
Carbohydrates.