china stats - qing (1)

which important figures supported boxers

prince duan, general dong

boxer target - christian missionaries

1897 juye incident (2 german priests)

what reform did cixi oppose

1898 hundred days reform

how many foreign troops used to fight against boxers

55,000

consequence of boxer uprising: how much compensation, what was destroyed

450million taels, beijing occupied for a year, fortifications and arms destroyed, foreign troops stationed in beijing forever

what were new policies implemented because of the boxer uprising

1. ban on manchu and han marriages lifted

2. western education introduced: tsinghua was set up

3. imperial civil exams abolished 1905

4. provincial assemblies and advisory national committee were setup

5. ban on foot binding

6. women allowed in public, first girls school

7. legal system reformed

8. ban on torture: death by a thousand cuts

9. state bank setup

10. revenue doubled

11. national currency yuan introduced

12. new army established

13. railways nationalised

14. military academies setup

how many provinces did rebellion spread (sunyatsen suporters)

15/18

wuchang new army mutinied

what was the key symbol of han independence

cutting off pigtails was declaration of independence

how many treaty ports were controlled by foreign countries

80 - gb, france, usa, germany, russia, japan

what taxes were implemented to fund army reform

tea, salt, wine, land

economic problems because of qing

1. taxes

2. droughts, floods → peasant riots

3. owners not given full compensation after railways nationalised

4. fresh loans from western powers + concessions to western powers to build new lines were unpopular

sun yatsen 3 principles

nationalist OF the people

democracy BY the people

socialism FOR the people

warlord era state

1. beijing occupied by different warlords

2. upto 300,000 soliders involved in constant conflict

3. high taxes + people forced to fight in armies

4. law and order collapsed

5. no relief in drought and floods from 1918-1925

when did japan seize shantung (formerly controlled by germany)

1914

expectations and reality of china when participating world war 1

expectations: regain shantung, unequal treaties and 21 demands withdrawn

reality: shantung given to japan at treaty of versailles

when were beijjing protests

may 4th in beijing

what movement attacked confucian culture and advocated policial + social change

the new culture movement

when kmt was formed

1912

when and where did sun setup military gov

1917 at guangzhou

when did soviet advisers come to china

1923

when was ccc formed

1921

kmt vs ccp membership

1921: 300 ccp

1925: 1500 ccp vs 150,000 of kmt

change in maos role

1921: attended first ccp congress but was not main leader and often lost favour

worked closely w nationalists before 1927

when was northern expedition

1926-28

aim of northern expedition

reunify china and expel the northern warlords

chiang army’s relationship with communists during northern expedition

communist allies supported and chiangs army relied on soviet military advice (encirclement tactics)

when did chiang capture peking in northern expedition

1928

what confirmed chiangs rise and how

northern expedition confirmed military dominance over kmt party. people tired of being ruled by warlords and supported chiangs calls for a new order

when was shanghai massacre

april 1927

how many killed in shanghai massacre

5,000 communists (ccp expelled from all cities)

where and where was ccp base set up

ruijin, jiangxi which was the main red army base 1931-4

maos policy at ruijin base

relying on peasants for support (redistributing land)

maos use of terror

tens of thousands killed in a purge

1 million peasants killed after being abandoned by red army’s retreat

however

opposed by wangmings 28 bolsheviks, lost real power

replaced as military leader by zhou enlai

only just secured a place on long march

difference in tactics in chiangs extermination campaigns

chiang - encirclement tactics

mao - guérilla tactics

when was 5th extermination campaign and result

1934, forcing ccp to abandon jiangxi