Biology - Cells and Body Systems Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic cell biology, the cell cycle, cancer, animal tissues/systems, and plant tissue systems based on lecture Chapters 2, 3, and 4.

Cell Theory

The principle that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleus

An organelle that controls cell activities and contains DNA.

Cell Membrane

The structure that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelles that release energy through the process of cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

Organelles responsible for making proteins.

Vacuole

A storage organelle for water, food, and waste.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found only in plants that perform photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

A structure found only in plants that provides support and protection.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and copies its DNA.

Mitosis

The process where the cell nucleus divides.

Cytokinesis

The stage where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.

Prophase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes become visible.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate.

Telophase

The stage of mitosis where two nuclei form.

Cancer

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

Benign Tumors

Tumors that stay in one place and do not spread.

Malignant Tumors

Tumors that spread to other parts of the body.

Levels of Organization

$$\text{Cell} \rightarrow \text{Tissue} \rightarrow \text{Organ} \rightarrow \text{Organ System} \rightarrow \text{Organism}$$

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers and protects surfaces.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that provides support and connects different body parts.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue specializing in movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that functions by sending messages throughout the body.

Digestive System

The system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, including organs like the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels that allow the exchange of materials.

Respiratory System

The system responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide, including the trachea and alveoli.

Stem Cells

Cells that have the ability to become many different cell types.

Dermal Tissue

Plant tissue responsible for protection and gas exchange.

Ground Tissue

Plant tissue utilized for storage and photosynthesis.

Vascular Tissue

The transport system in plants.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.

Stomata

Pores in the plant that allow gas exchange.

Guard Cells

Specialized cells that open and close the stomata.