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Formal charge formula
FC = valence e⁻ − lone pair e⁻ − 1/2 bonding e⁻
Best Lewis structure
Full octets, lowest formal charges, negative charge on more electronegative atom
Resonance
Same atom skeleton, different electron placement
Electron domain
Any single bond, double bond, triple bond, or lone pair around central atom
2 electron domains
Linear, 180°
3 electron domains
Trigonal planar, 120°
4 electron domains
Tetrahedral, 109.5°
1 lone pair on tetrahedral arrangement
Trigonal pyramidal, slightly less than 109.5°
2 lone pairs on tetrahedral arrangement
Bent, less than 109.5°
Lone pairs and bond angles
Lone pairs repel more strongly, so bond angles shrink
Polar molecule
Bond dipoles do not cancel
Nonpolar molecule
Bond dipoles cancel due to symmetry
image of VSEPR shapes
Use this to memorize linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent