SCIENCE REFRESHER 1

What is the primary gas found in the Earth's atmosphere?

Nitrogen

Approximately how much of the Earth's atmosphere is Nitrogen?

79%

Approximately how much of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?

20%

What percentage of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of “other gases“; namely carbon dioxide (0.03%) and small properties of argon and water vapor?

1%

Which part of the human brain is responsible for regulating balance and coordination?

Cerebellum

Which part of the human brain is responsible for emotions, thinking, and creativity?

Cerebrum

Which part of the body is responsible for automatic or involuntary responses such as heart rate, blood pressure and breathing?

Brainstem

Which part of the human brain is the “relay station“ for sensory signals?

Thalamus

How long does it take for sunlight to reach the Earth?

8 minutes 20 seconds

How long does it take for the sun’s energy or the photons to move from the sun’s dense interior to its surface?

170,000 years

Which law of motion states that a body in motion remains in motion or a body at rest remains at rest, unless acted upon by a force?

Newton's 1st Law

Which law of motion provides the equation F = m*a (force equals mass times acceleration?)

Newton's 2nd Law

Which law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?

Newton's Third Law

Newton’s First Law

Law of Inertia

Newton’s 2nd Law

Law of Acceleration

Newton’s 3rd Law

Law of Action-Reaction

Who is the “Father of Classical Physics“?

Isaac Newton

What is the most common state of matter in the universe?

Plasma

Which planet in our solar system is known as the "Red Planet"?

Mars

Which planet is the hottest in our solar system?

Venus

Saturn: Second Largest

Jupiter: _________

Largest

Which type of rock is formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

Igneous

Which type of rock is formed by the cementation of sediments or particles made of minerals or organic matter that have been accumulated or deposited at the Earth’s surface

Sedimentary

Which type of rock started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form when subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or any combinations of these factors

Metamorphic

Which of the following is a sedimentary rock

• Limestone

• Obsidian

• Slate

• Pumice

Limestone

In the pH scale, what range represents acidity

0 - 6.9

In the pH scale, what range represents alkaline

7.1 - 14

What is the PH value of pure water?

7

In the pH scale, what number falls under neutral

7

Which of the following is alkaline

• Battery

• Milk

• Tomato

• Stomach tablets

Stomach tablets

Which of the following is acidic:

• Bleach

• Drain Cleaner

• Soap

• Coffee

Coffee

Vinegar: Acidic

Baking Soda: ____

Alkaline

What is the pH value of blood

8

Which organ in the human body is primarily responsible for filtering blood?

Kidney

Which organ is responsible for bile production

Liver

Which organ is primarily responsible for the gas exchange that happens in the body

Lungs

Which of the following organs pumps blood throughout the body

Heart

This refers to the process in which plants make food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide as they produce oxygen

Photosynthesis

What is the name of the process by which plants “sweat“ or lose water through their leaves?

Transpiration

The process by which energy stored in sugars is released for growth by a chemical reaction inside cells. Glucose is broken down inside plant cells in the presence of oxygen, releasing energy as well as water and carbon dioxide. It is also referred to as “plant breathing“

Respiration

The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration (where they are abundant) to an area of low concentration (where they are less so) through a semi-permeable membrane.

Osmosis

Which fundamental force keeps the planets in orbit around the sun?

Gravity

Which scientist is known for the “three laws of motion” and the law of “universal gravitation”

Isaac Newton

Which scientists is known for their theory on black holes and was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics

Stephen Hawking

Which of the following scientists is known for their extensive research on radioactivity and for discovering the elements: polonium and radium

Marie Curie

Which scientist is famous for developing the theory of General Relativity?

Albert Einstein

What is the hardest natural substance found on Earth?

Diamond

Which is the softest natural mineral on the Mohs Hardness Scale

Talc

What is the main function of red blood cells?

To carry oxygen

What is the main function of white blood cells

To fight infection

Which of the following’s main function is to clot blood

Platelets

Which of the following is responsible in producing hormones

Glands

Which element is essential for the process of combustion to occur? The more of this, the more intense the combustion process.

Oxygen

Which of the following is not a part of the “fire triangle“

• Heat

• Fuel

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Nitrogen

During combustion, what does oxygen combine with to produce heat and light?

Fuel source

What is the scientific term for the "voice box"?

Larynx

What is the scientific term for the “throat“

Pharynx

Which of the following refers to the “windpipe“, leading to the lungs

Trachea

Which of the following refers to the “food pipe”, leading to the stomach

Esophagus

How many bones are found in an average adult human body?

206

Human skull bones: 29

Human vertebral bones: _____

26

The human body has 1 sternum and how many rib bones?

24

4 pectoral girdle bones with ___ upper limb bones

60

Pelvic girdle bones: ________

Lower limb bones: 60

2

What is the unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and electromotive force

Volt

What is the unit used to measure electrical resistance?

Ohm

What unit is used to measure electric current

Ampere

What is the unit used to measure electrical power

Watt

Which vitamin is produced when the human skin is exposed to sunlight? It is also called the “sunshine vitamin“ because the skin synthesizes it when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light

Vitamin D

What is the freezing point of water at sea level in Celsius?

0°C

What is the boiling point of water at sea level in Celsius?

100°C

What is the largest organ of the human body, encompassing 14-16%?

Skin

What is the longest section of the gastrointestinal tract

Small intestine

What is the largest internal organ

Liver

What are the primary organs of the respiratory system

Lungs

The process that turns liquid to gas

Evaporation

The process turning gas to liquid

Condensation

The process turning gas to solid

Deposition

What instrument is used to measure the temperature

Thermometer

Instrument used to measure wind speed

Anemometer

Instrument used to measure humidity or the amount of water vapor

Hygrometer

What is the process called when a solid turns directly into a gas?

Sublimation

Which instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

Barometer

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

Which type of mirror is used as a side-view mirror in vehicles to provide a wider field of vision?

Convex mirror

Which blood type is known as the "universal donor"?

O negative

Which discovery is Alexander Fleming famous for?

Penicillin

Which scientist proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Charles Darwin

Which human organ system is responsible for producing hormones?

Endocrine system

Which scale is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes?

Richter Scale

What is the phenomenon where light bends as it passes from one medium to another?

Refraction

Which part of the plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What is the most abundant gas in the universe?

Hydrogen

What is the name of the largest bone in the human body?

Femur

Which scientist is often called the "Father of Modern Genetics"?

Gregor Mendel

What is the name of the boundary between two tectonic plates that are sliding past each other?

Transform boundary

Which chemical element is found in all organic compounds?

Carbon

What is the SI unit of force?

Newton

Which part of the human eye controls the amount of light that enters?

Iris