AP Bio unit 3

What are enzymes made of?

Proteins.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that __________ chemical reactions without being consumed.

speed up

What effect do enzymes have on activation energy?

They lower the activation energy needed for reactions.

The specific region of the enzyme that binds to substrates is called the __________.

active site

What term describes the complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?

enzyme-substrate complex

Extreme temperature and pH can __________ enzymes, altering their function.

denature

What happens to reaction rates as substrate concentration increases?

Generally increase until enzymes become saturated.

In competitive inhibition, inhibitors bind to the __________ of enzymes.

active site

What is the result of non-competitive inhibition on an enzyme's shape?

It changes the enzyme's shape by binding elsewhere.

The purpose of cellular respiration is to __________ energy from organic molecules to produce ATP.

harvest

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

What are the products of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

What is produced during pyruvate oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA.

What does the Krebs Cycle produce?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and releases CO2.

ATP synthase is powered by a proton gradient during __________.

oxidative phosphorylation

What type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells?

Lactic acid fermentation.

Alcohol fermentation occurs in __________ and produces ethanol and CO2.

yeast.

The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert __________ energy into chemical energy.

light

What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH are produced, and O2 is released.

The Calvin Cycle uses ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce __________.

glucose.

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

Catabolic and anabolic pathways.

Catabolic pathways involve the __________ of molecules to release energy.

breakdown

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transfers increase the __________ of the universe.

disorder (entropy).

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

Energy coupling involves ATP driving __________ reactions by transferring a phosphate group.

endergonic