sociology UNIT 1

what does multicultural mean

relating or containing several cultural or ethnic groups within a society

what does subculture mean

a group of people that decide not to act, dress or do things like the majority of people. they don’t like the ‘normal’ popular culture and choose to be different

what is culture

the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular people or society

list some things that culture consists of

• households/ families

• religion

• language

• rituals

• food/diet

• traditions

• beliefs

• art

• clothes

what is nature vs nurture

the debate of what makes us human, whether it’s our surroundings or our biology

what is nature

the way we our born, our biology eg brown eyes, genetics determine our behaviour

what is nurture

something we learn, our environment brings it out

what is nativism

social characteristics have arisen through evolution

what is a case study of nature vs nurture

oxana malaya

what is the nurture theory

the view that society and culture override human genetics and instincts

what are feral children

children that have not had any nurturing from other humans which causes them to act feral like a wild animal

what are norms

somethings tht is normal, standard, unusual or standard

what are values

principles or standards of behaviour, ones judgement of what’s important in life

what is socialisation

the process of learning how to behave in a way society finds acceptable

what is material culture

physical things that people create and attach emotional meaning to

what is non-material culture

the intangible ideas, beliefs you can’t see it or hold it eg christmas, religion

what is social construction

an idea created and given meaning by people. it varies between people e.g money is paper and metal but we give meaning to it

i hat is social control

the written and unwritten rules that we follow. this contributes to social order. it starts at home in childhood by parents hoeing children how to have

give examples of formal control

prison, fines, being fired, the police, the legal system. being forced to behave

give examples of informal control

grounding, detentions, taking devices away, discipline, no pocket money

what is the primary agent of socialisation

family

what is the secondary agent of socialisation

education, work, peers

what does canalisation mean

the term used to describe how parents steer their children towards toys and games associated with their gender e.g girls wearing pink

examples of verbal appellation

little princess, big strong boy, little monster

what is Cooleys ‘looking glass self’ theory

our identity is shaped by how we think others see us. we imagine how others view us , interpret their reactions and this shapes how we see ourselves

what is primary identity

our sense of self

what is secondary identity

the roles we play in society

what is the male gaze

a theory that visual media is essentially created from at hertrosexual males point of view

what is singlehood

the state of being unmarried or not in a romantic relationship

what is the upper class

usually are extremely wealthy, powerful and often own land or property

what is the middle class

generally employed in professional work and have good incomes and high levels of education

what is the working class

people who have never worked or had jobs are included. the majority is the population, tend to be people with fewer education qualifications and work in jobs where they are paid wages

what is the nuclear family

a mother, father and biological children.

what is ethnography

the scientific study of cultures with their customs, habits and mutual differences

what is demography

the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the intense, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

what is the sandwich generation

the generation now that people are living longer and people are responsible for their parents as well as their children. children tend to leave home and sometimes return

what is a beanpole family

a long thin family tree with fewer aunts, uncles and cousins because of people having less children

list household and family types

• single parent

• extended family

• unmarried couple

• same sex

• beanpole

• foster family

• step family

• living apart together(LAT)

• co-parenting

• blended family

• adopted family

list the sociological perspectives

• functionalists

• marxists

• new rights

• feminists

• postmodernists

what is AO1

knowledge and understanding- show you know theories, key terms, concepts, evidence

what is AO2

application- apply the theory to the question, link ideas to real examples

what is AO3

analysis and evaluation- strengths and weaknesses, comparisons

what is the PEEL paragraph structure

P- point

E- evidence

E- explanation

L-link

what AOs would be in a 10 mark question

AO1 and AO2

what AOs would be in a 20 + 30 question

AO1

what is birth rate

the number of live births recorded per 1000 of the population

what is the fertility rate

the number of children born per 100 women ages 15-44

what is the death rate

the number of deaths per 1000 of the population

what is the infant mortality rate

number of babies who die before their first birthday per year

the definition of marriage

the legally or formally recognised union of two people as partners in a personal relationship

definition of cohabitation

the state of living together and having a sexual relationship without being married

what are the 3 forms of cohabitation

• ‘trial marriage’ a couple living together to see if they would be able to permanently

• long-term, permanent ‘a triage between two people committed to a permanent relationship virtually the same as marriage with no ceremony

• short term relationship without commitment

what is LAT

living apart together relationship

what is a positive of cohabitation

feminists state cohabitation has lead to more negotiation and equality in roles

what is a negative of cohabitation

wilson and stuchbury (2010) believe cohabitation is less stable than marriage

types of marital breakdown

divorce

separation

empty shell marriage

annulment

what is divorce

a judicial declaration dissolving a marriage in whole or in part. it releases the marriage partners from all matrimonial obligations