Psychology of Intelligence and Motivation

These flashcards cover key concepts related to intelligence, motivation, developmental psychology, and adult development as discussed in the lecture.

General Intelligence

One overall ability underlying all cognitive tasks.

Multiple Intelligences

Different independent abilities such as linguistic, spatial, musical, etc.

Robert Sternberg's Types of Intelligence

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.

Alfred Binet

French psychologist who created the first intelligence test to identify students needing academic support.

Mental Age

The age level at which a person performs intellectually compared to average children.

Louis Terman

Revised the Binet-Simon scale into the Stanford-Binet test and introduced IQ scoring.

IQ Calculation

Originally calculated as (mental age ÷ chronological age) × 100.

Cultural Bias in Early Intelligence Tests

A major problem where tests favored certain cultural norms over others.

Common IQ Tests Today

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and modern Stanford-Binet.

Standardization in Intelligence Testing

Administering a test to a large representative sample to establish norms.

Normal Distribution/Bell Curve

Most scores cluster around the average, with an average IQ of 100.

Criteria for Giftedness

IQ around 130 or above and/or exceptional performance in specific domains.

Criteria for Intellectual Disability

IQ around 70 or below plus difficulty with adaptive functioning.

Learning Difference vs. Intellectual Disability

Learning disability affects specific skills, not overall intelligence.

Cross-Sectional Study

Compares different age groups at one time.

Longitudinal Study

Follows the same people over time.

Fluid Intelligence

Reasoning and problem-solving ability that declines with age.

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and experience that increases or stays stable with age.

Cohort

A group of people born around the same time who share experiences.

Savant Syndrome

Condition where someone with intellectual disability has an exceptional specific skill.

Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores over generations.

Aptitude Tests

Predict future ability.

Achievement Tests

Measure learned knowledge.

Reliability

Consistency of a test.

Validity

Measures what it claims to.

Content Validity

Covers the full topic.

Predictive Validity

Predicts future performance.

Genetic Influence on Intelligence

Strong heritability of IQ shown in twin and adoption studies.

Environmental Influence on Intelligence

Factors like education, nutrition, and enriched environments improve IQ.

Effects of Poverty on Intellectual Development

Stress, poor nutrition, and fewer educational resources reduce cognitive development.

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming stereotypes that leads to reduced performance.

Correlation between IQ and Income

Moderate positive correlation between higher IQ and higher income.

Motivation

The process that directs and sustains behavior.

Instinct Theory

Behavior is innate.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Reduction of tension motivates behavior.

Arousal Theory

Motivation arises from seeking optimal arousal levels.

Homeostasis

The body’s tendency to maintain internal balance.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid of needs from physiological to self-transcendence.

Set-Point Theory

Biologically preferred weight that the body tends to maintain.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Energy used at rest to maintain body functions.

Adopted Children’s Body Weights

Resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents.

Hormonal Influence on Sexual Behavior

Hormones enable but do not directly cause sexual behavior.

Effects of Pornography

Can distort expectations and reduce relationship satisfaction.

Older-Brother Effect

More older biological brothers increases likelihood of male homosexuality.

Study of Social Rejection

Activates brain regions similar to physical pain.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something for enjoyment.

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for rewards.

Over-Justification Effect

Extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in a task.

I/O Psychology

Study of behavior in workplace settings.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is best at moderate levels of arousal.

Affiliation Need

Desire to belong and form social connections.

Ostracism

Social exclusion.

Emotions

Psychological and physiological responses to meaningful events.

Primary Emotions

Basic emotions such as fear and joy.

Secondary Emotions

Complex and social emotions.

Facial Feedback Phenomenon

Facial expressions can influence emotional experience.

Cognitive Appraisal

Interpretation of a situation that determines emotional response.

Transferred Excitation/Spillover Effect

Arousal from one event carries over into responses to another.,

Mirror-and-Rouge Test

Test of self-recognition in infants and animals.

Relative Deprivation

Feeling deprived compared to others despite being objectively well-off.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Tendency to adapt to life changes, impacting long-term happiness.

Type A Personality

Competitive and stressed.

Type B Personality

Relaxed and easygoing.

Tyranny of Choice

Too many choices lead to anxiety and dissatisfaction.

Benefits of Social Support

Reduces stress and improves physical and mental health.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

Happy moods increase helping behavior.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Schemas

Mental frameworks used to organize and interpret information.

Temperament

Biological emotional reactivity in babies.

Attachment

Emotional bond with a caregiver.

Harlow's Monkeys

Demonstrated comfort matters more than feeding in attachment.

Strange Situation Test

Test of caregiver separation and attachment styles.

Gender Roles

Social expectations of behavior based on gender.

Adolescence

Transition period between childhood and adulthood.

Identity Crisis

Struggle to form identity occurring in adolescence.

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking, enabling abstract reasoning.

Development of Voluntarily Controlled Movement

Influenced by brain maturation, practice, and motor cortex development.

Emotional Changes in Adulthood

Emotional stability and positivity tend to increase with age.

Predictors of Depression in Elderly

Health problems, isolation, and lack of cognitive stimulation.