NUA 7710: Women's Health Week 4

Barrier contraception methods

- Protect against STIs

- Most to least effective: condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, sponge

Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)

- IUD: Copper or hormonal

- Nexplanon

What is a contraindication for hormonal contraception related to thrombosis?

History of thrombosis or thromboembolic disorders

What is a contraindication for hormonal contraception related to liver health?

Liver disease

What is a contraindication for hormonal contraception related to gynecological health?

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

What is a contraindication for hormonal contraception related to breast health?

Breast cancer or history of breast cancer

What is a contraindication for hormonal contraception related to medication interactions?

Taking antiretrovirals, antiepileptics, or rifampicin

Copper IUD adverse effects

longer, heavier periods with worse cramping

What genetic disease is associated with neural tube defects?

Spina bifida

Which genetic disorder is characterized by an extra chromosome 21?

Down syndrome

What genetic disease is known for causing abnormal hemoglobin leading to blood disorders?

Sickle cell anemia

Which genetic disorder affects the lungs and digestive system?

Cystic fibrosis

What genetic disease results in progressive muscle weakness?

Muscular dystrophy

Which genetic disorder is associated with the inability to break down lipids in the brain?

Tay-Sachs disease

What genetic disease is characterized by uncontrolled bleeding?

Hemophilia

Which genetic disorder affects the kidneys with the formation of fluid-filled sacs?

Polycystic kidney disease

What genetic disease is linked to structural abnormalities of the heart?

Congenital heart defect

Which genetic condition is associated with a gap or split in the upper lip or roof of the mouth?

Cleft lip/palate

Teratogens <8 weeks

Class D or X prescription medications

Fetotoxins >8 weeks

- Nicotine

• Cocaine

• Amphetamines

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors

Lifestyle risks to fetus

- Carcinogens in tobacco

• Carbon monoxide

-alcohol use leads to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Leading cause of birth defects

fetal alcohol syndrome

Neural tube defects

- spina bifida, encephalocele, and anencephaly

- take folic acid to prevent

Interventions for N/ V in pregnancy

- Change diet

• Avoid triggers

• Medications, vitamin B6

• Alternative medicine

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions

• Medications

• Dietary changes

• Avoid eating late at night

• Elevate head of bed

Interventions for back pain in pregnancy

Stretching, water-based exercises, and yoga

• Shoe selection

• Heat and cold application

• Massage• Tylenol

Interventions for pelvic pain in pregnancy

Tylenol

Routine prenatal care visit time frame

- confirmation of pregnancy

- 10 to 12 weeks

• 16 to 18 weeks

• 22 weeks

• 28 weeks

• 32 weeks

• 36 weeks

• 38 to 41 weeks

• Postpartum (4 to 6 weeks)

What is done during the initial pregnancy visit?

Screening, identifying risk factors, providing anticipatory guidance, answering patient questions, taking a complete history, performing a physical examination, conducting lab tests, and creating a care plan

What is the purpose of screening during the initial pregnancy visit?

To identify any potential risks or issues that may affect the pregnancy or the health of the mother and baby

Bleeding in pregnancy

- common throughout, but must work up

ectopic pregnancy symptoms

Pelvic pain• Vaginal bleeding• Tender abdomen, pelvis

What are the risk factors for spontaneous abortion?

Advanced maternal age, Prior history, Smoking, High alcohol intake, High caffeine intake, Cocaine use

What are the symptoms of spontaneous abortion?

Vaginal bleeding, Cramping

Definition of infertility in women under 35

The inability to achieve pregnancy after regular, unprotected, well-timed intercourse for 12 months or more

Definition of infertility in women 35 or older

The inability to achieve pregnancy after regular, unprotected, well-timed intercourse for 6 months or more

managing oligomenorrhea and anovulation

Clomiphene citrate‒ Aromatase inhibitors‒ Gonadotropins• releasing hormone (GnRH)analogs• Human chorionic gonadotropin

What is a common assisted reproductive technology for infertility?

Intrauterine insemination

What are some techniques involved in assisted reproductive technologies?

Oocyte retrieval, Preservation of embryos, Gamete intrafallopian transfer, Zygote intrafallopian transfer, In vitro fertilization, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, Oocyte donation

Fecundability: likelihood of getting pregnant in one cycle

20% chance of becoming pregnant each month‒ 85% cumulative pregnancy rate over 1 year

fertility preservation and reproduction

Cryopreservation of• Gametes• Embryos• Gonadal tissue

What are some causes of male infertility related to puberty?

Age at puberty, Undescended testicles

What are some causes of male infertility related to health and medical conditions?

Erectile dysfunction, Illness with high fever, Mumps-related orchitis, Radiography of groin, Genital infection

What is postpartum depression?

Depression with onset 4 to 6 weeks after birth

What percentage of postpartum women does postpartum depression affect?

10% to 20% of postpartum women

What are some symptoms of postpartum depression?

Changes in eating habits, psychomotor agitation or retardation, insomnia or hypersomnia, feeling worthless or guilty, decreased concentration, suicidal ideation

What are some etiology and risk factors of postpartum depression?

Hormones, stress, transcultural factors

What are some treatment options for postpartum depression?

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), pharmacotherapeutics like Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Postpartum physical complications

Cesarean section, Headache (after a dural puncture), Hemorrhage, Lacerations, Hematoma, Fever, Endometritis, Urinary tract infections, Pyelonephritis, Mastitis, Wound infection, Venous thromboembolism, Cardiomyopathy

Postpartum psychosocial complications

Transition to motherhood, Baby blues, Postpartum depression, Postpartum psychosis