Child Health Promotion Lecture Notes Review

These vocabulary flashcards cover terminology, disease pathogens, immunization schedules, school health concepts, and childhood illness classifications as presented in the lecture notes.

Immunization

The process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.

Vaccines

Substances that stimulate the body's own immune system to protect a person against subsequent infection or disease.

Vaccination

The injection of killed microbes in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease.

Cold chain

A system of ensuring that vaccines are maintained at the required low temperatures from the point of production until it reaches the consumer, encompassing all equipment, processes, and mechanisms.

Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)

A heat-sensitive label attached to vaccine vials which gradually and irreversibly changes colour from light to dark as the vaccine is exposed to heat, measuring cumulative heat exposure.

Herd Immunity

A phenomenon where a large proportion of people in a community are vaccinated (typically $85\%$-$90\%$) so that even unvaccinated individuals get some protection due to lower risk of exposure.

Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI)

A reaction that occurs in a client/patient following vaccination that is considered to be related to the vaccine until proved otherwise.

Stability

The ability of a vaccine to retain its efficacy under various conditions, which can be compromised by bacterial contamination, temperature changes, or light exposure.

Fully immunized child

One who has received all the prescribed antigens and at least one Vitamin A dose under the national immunization schedule.

Notifiable VPDs

Vaccine Preventable Diseases that must be reported to the Division of Disease Surveillance and Response (DDSR), including Tuberculosis, Polio, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Measles, Meningitis, Yellow fever, Rabies, and Snake-bites.

BCG Vaccine

A vaccine given at birth or first contact to protect against Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Diphtheria Vaccine

A vaccine administered at $6$, $10$, and $14$ weeks to prevent the bacterial illness characterized by an adherent membrane on the tonsils or pharynx.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Vaccine

A vaccine administered at $6$, $10$, and $14$ weeks to prevent an illness characterized by fits of coughing accompanied by a whooping sound.

Tetanus Toxoid (TT) Vaccine

A vaccine administered at $6$, $10$, and $14$ weeks for children, or according to a specific schedule for pregnant women and trauma prophylaxis, to prevent Clostridium tetani infection.

Pentavalent Vaccine

A combination vaccine addressing Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, and Haemophilus Influenza Type B (Hib).

Vitamin A Deficiency

A condition that is a cause of preventable blindness and increases the likelihood of infections such as measles, diarrhea, and Malaria.

Vitamin A Lactating Mother Schedule

A single dose of $200,000\,IU$ given either at delivery or at the first contact within the first six weeks post partum.

Deworming

The process of expelling intestinal worms or parasitic worms from the body by administering an anthelmintic medicine such as Albendazole.

Albendazole Dosage

Given as $200\,mg$ once for children $1$ to $2$ years of age, and $400\,mg$ once for those above $2$ years.

School Health Program (SHP)

An integrated set of planned, sequential, school-affiliated strategies and services designed to promote the optimal physical, emotional, social, and educational development of students.

Health Promoting Schools (HPS)

Schools that constantly strengthen their capacities as healthy settings for living, learning, and working by fostering health and learning with all available measures.

Oral Health

The absence of disease and the optimal functioning of the mouth and its tissues in a manner that preserves the highest level of self-esteem.

Incisors

The eight teeth at the front of the mouth used for cutting or shearing food; they have a sharp biting surface.

Canines

The four teeth situated at the "corners" of the dental arches used to grip and tear food; they have sharp, pointed biting surfaces.

Premolars

The eight teeth unique to permanent dentition with a flat biting surface used to tear and crush food.

Molars

The largest teeth used to chew, crush, and grind food, with $8$ present in primary dentition and $12$ in permanent dentition.

Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM)

A strategy to extend case management of childhood illnesses (diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and malnutrition) beyond health facilities using trained Community Health Promoters (CHPs).

Chest in-drawing

A sign of severe pneumonia where the upper chest wall goes up while the lower chest wall goes in when a child breathes in.

Fast Breathing (Pneumonia) Thresholds

In children aged $2$ months up to $12$ months: $\ge 50$ breaths per minute (bpm); in children aged $12$ months up to $5$ years: $\ge 40$ bpm.

Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)

A measurement of the left upper arm at the mid-point between the shoulder and elbow used to screen for muscle mass and fat stores.

MUAC Green Color (Interpretation)

$13.5\,cm$ or greater, signifying the child is nutritionally normal.

MUAC Yellow Color (Interpretation)

$12.5\,cm$ to $13.5\,cm$, signifying mild acute malnutrition.

MUAC Red Color (Interpretation)

Less than $12.5\,cm$, specifically Moderate Acute Malnutrition ($11.0\,cm$-$12.5\,cm$) or Severe Acute Malnutrition ($<11.0\,cm$).

Marasmus

A category of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) characterized by severe weight loss, ribs prominence, emaciated limbs, and a flaccid skin "old man" appearance.

Kwashiorkor

A category of SAM characterized by bilateral oedema, brittle thinning hair, "moon face" swelling, and a high risk of death.

Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)

Simple malaria testing devices that detect the presence of malaria parasites in blood using a control band and test bands.

ALPACS (Communication Skills)

A mnemonic for health workers: Ask, Listen, Praise, Advise, Check, and Solve problems.