Exam 3 Ultimate Review Guide: Fluid, Electrolytes, Acid-Base, and Reproduction

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering fluid compartments, electrolyte ranges, acid-base interpretation, reproductive anatomy, and early human development.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

The fluid compartment located inside cells, representing $65\%$ of total body water.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The fluid compartment located outside cells, representing $35\%$ of total body water, which includes interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and transcellular fluid.

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid found between cells that accounts for $25\%$ of total body water.

Transcellular Fluid

Specific fluid collections including CSF, synovial fluid, and pleural fluid, accounting for $2\%$ of total body water.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Hormone released by the posterior pituitary that retains water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

Aldosterone

Hormone that promotes the retention of sodium ($Na$) and water.

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

Hormone that promotes water loss.

Sodium ($Na$)

The major ECF cation with a normal range of $136-148$, responsible for water balance.

Potassium ($K$)

The major ICF cation with a normal range of $3.5-5$, responsible for maintaining membrane potential.

Calcium ($Ca^{2+}$)

Electrolyte found in bone and ECF with a normal range of $4.5-5.5$, essential for muscle contraction and blood clotting.

Hyponatremia

A condition caused by sodium deficiency from vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretics, resulting in symptoms like dizziness, muscle weakness, and hypotension.

Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels characterized by a flattened T-wave on an ECG, muscle weakness, and flaccid paralysis.

Hyperkalemia

High potassium levels that can lead to ventricular fibrillation, arrhythmias, and muscle weakness.

Acidosis

A condition occurring when there is an increase in $H$ and a decrease in pH ($< 7.35$), causing a right shift in the bicarbonate buffer system.

Alkalosis

A condition occurring when there is a decrease in $H$ and an increase in pH ($> 7.45$), causing a left shift in the bicarbonate buffer system.

ROME

An ABG interpretation mnemonic standing for Respiratory = Opposite (pH and $CO_2$) and Metabolic = Equal (pH and $HCO_3$).

Sertoli Cells

Cells within the testis that provide support for sperm.

Leydig Cells

Interstitial cells that produce testosterone.

Sperm Pathway

Seminiferous Tubules $\rightarrow$ Rete Testis $\rightarrow$ Efferent Ductules $\rightarrow$ Epididymis $\rightarrow$ Ductus Deferens $\rightarrow$ Ejaculatory Duct $\rightarrow$ Urethra.

Semen pH and Volume

Semen typically has a pH of $7.2-7.7$ and a volume of $2-5\,mL$ per ejaculation.

Myometrium

The muscular middle layer of the uterine wall.

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus that undergoes growth and shedding during the uterine cycle.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

The hormone responsible for triggering ovulation on day 14 of the ovarian cycle.

Blastocyst

The developmental stage of approximately 120 cells that implants into the uterine wall on day 6-7.

Ectoderm

The germ layer that develops into the nervous system.

Mesoderm

The germ layer that becomes muscle and bone.

Endoderm

The germ layer that becomes the GI tract.

Mendel's Law of Segregation

The principle that each parent contributes exactly ONE allele to their offspring.

X-Linked Disorders

Genetic conditions such as Hemophilia, Color Blindness, and Muscular Dystrophy that affect males more commonly.