bio (evolution)

Genotype (expression)

genetic makeup of organisms. (set of alleles)

-Expressed through letters

-Homo (aa, AA)

-Hetero (Aa)

Phentotype

Observable traits (height, hair color, blood type)

Speciaion

Evolutionary process by which one species split into two or more.

(Marcoevolution)

Allopatric speciation

the process by which new species evolve when a single, continuous population becomes physically subdivided by a geographic barrier (like a mountain)

Genetic drift

Random fluctuation in allele frequencies within a population due to chance events such as natural disasters.

population growth

Exponential- Growth= rate of birth/death * population.

Logistic- Slowing growth due to limiting factors. Growth- rate of birth/death *population(carrying capacity-population)/carrying capacity

Molecular clock

Estimates the timing of evolutionary events through accumulation of mutations in DNA, RNA or protein sequences

Natural Selection

Mech evolution, Organisms better adapted to their environment survive more and produce more.

A cause of genetic variation

gene expression

Process by which genotype is expressed as a phenotype

-Transcription

-Translation

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant if there is a absence of evolutionary influences

-No gene flow or drift

-no mutations

-mating is random

-natural selection is not a factor

-population size is large

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation

p²+2pq+q²=1

-P is dominate [AA]

-PQ [both]

-Q [Recessive]

Gene flow

Transfer of genetic material between populations due to migration

population density

Avg number of people or species living in a specific unit of area

EQ: total pop/land area

limiting factors

abiotic and biotic factors that constrain population size and restrict growth

Founder effect

Loss of genetic variation that a new small population is made from individuals from a larger population.

-population 1 + population 2 = population 2

genetic variance

mutation outcomes

-recessive genes can pass

-neutral variations may stay or go

-beneficial mutations are rewarded

homologous structures

physical features or anatomical structures shared by different species that originate from a common ancestor

-provides evidence for evolution

-arm, bones, hearts, four limbs, pelvis

mutations

Permanent structural changes in a organisms DNA sequence often caused by errors in cell division or environmental factors

-cause for genetic variation, the raw material for evolution

-random

-intro- doesn’t matter, exon- silent mutations

Bottle-neck effect

leads to loss of genetic diversity when population decrease in a rapid pace. (When animals die in a natural disasters)

reproductive barriers

Post zygotic- Reduced hybrid vitality, fertility, and hybrid breakdown (fertile parents, sterile offspring)

Pre-zygotic- Habitat isolation, different breeding times, behaviors, mechanical, gametic

taxonomy

a system of classifying species

1. species

2. genus

3. family

4. order

5. class

6. phylum

7. kingdom

8. domain

adaptive radiation

speciation due to environmental changes, new resources, or moving to a new niche. No isolation needed

artificial selection

Humans choose who to breed for a desired trait or look

species concepts

a working definition used to classify organisms into group based criteria

• Bio (breeding)

• Phylogenetic (smallest set of organisms that share a common ancestor)

• Ecological (niche they live in)

• Morphological (Physical appearance)