Chapter 16: Government and the Economy

The pandemic has exacerbated _____ wealth, with _____ outpacing wages in many countries and _____/_____ often eating least and last.

Billionaire; inflation; women/girls

Besides serving as the largest _____ in the nation, the government at all levels regulates _____ and _____ into many _____.

Employer; commerce; entry; occupations

The economy generates the revenue to support _____ services.

Government

A political system refers to a _____ responsible for implementing and achieving society’s _____. Political systems often interact closely with _____ systems.

Social institution; goals; economic

Politics is commonly referred to as _____ gets _____, _____, and _____.

Who; what; when; how

An economic system refers to the means of _____, _____, and _____ goods and services.

Producing; distributing; consuming

There has been a growing movement to bring production and distribution back into _____ life.

Family

The Affordable Care Act encouraged more people to become _____ by removing some of the obstacles associated with _____.

Entrepreneurs; health insurance

The exercise of power and authority can be considered a _____.

Cultural universal

Power refers to the ability to _____, overcoming _____ and controlling _____.

Exercise one’s will over others; resistance; behavior

From most to least desirable, the 3 basic sources of power are _____, _____, and _____.

Influence; authority; force

Influence is a type of _____ that relies on the process of _____. Under the model of influence, creating _____ results in the _____ of certain ideas and therefore _____.

Power; persuasion; self-interest; internalization; self-regulation

Influencers refer to _____ users who have established credibility in a specific _____, have access to a huge _____, and can _____ others to act based on their _____.

Social media; industry; audience; persuade; recommendations

Authority is a type of _____ that has been _____ and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised. _____ authority is often considered _____ and _____ many other sources of authority, e.g. _____.

Power; institutionalized; parent-to-child; portable; overrides; education

Force is a type of _____ that involves the actual or threatened use of _____ to impose one’s will on others. Force often creates the possibility for _____.

Power; coercion; retaliation

Weber’s classification of authority involves _____, _____, and _____ authority.

Traditional; rational-legal; charismatic

According to _____, traditional authority refers to a type of _____ legitimized by respect for long-established _____ rather then _____, _____, or _____. An example of traditional authority is _____ where power is passed down between _____.

Weber; power; cultural patterns; personal characteristics; competence; law; monarchies; generations

According to _____, rational-legal authority refers to _____ legitimized by legally enacted _____/_____, placing a greater emphasis on _____. An example of rational-legal authority is the _____ and the use of the _____, where there is particular scrutiny over _____ access and safety.

Weber; power; rules/regulations; competence; United States; Constitution; voting

According to _____, charismatic authority refers to _____ legitimized through extraordinary _____ abilities that inspire devotion and obedience, rather than _____ or _____. Examples of charismatic authority include _____ and _____. Recall that _____ is not dependent on authority.

Weber; power; personal; rules; traditions; Joan of Arc; Martin Luther King Jr.; influence

The 5 main types of government are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Monarchy; oligarchy; dictatorship; totalitarianism; democracy

Monarchy is a form of _____ that is headed by a _____. Many monarchies are based on a _____, and are typically governed on the basis of _____, sometimes accompanied by _____.

Government; single member of a royal family; God-given right to rule; traditional authority; force

Oligarchy is a form of _____ in which _____. Oligarchy often takes the form of _____, e.g. in _____. The _____ in _____ can also be considered an exclusive ruling group and therefore an oligarchy. The _____ may also be considered an oligarchy in the sense that _____, _____, and the _____ are largely in charge.

Government; a few individuals rule; military rule; Latin America; Community Party; China; United States; big businesses; government; military

A dictatorship is a form of _____ in which _____. Dictators primarily rule through the use of _____, and typically _____ power rather than _____ it or being _____. Some dictators may be _____, but many of their supporters are motivated by _____. Things in a dictatorship tend to get done more _____.

Government; one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws; coercion; seize; inheriting; freely selected; charismatic; fear; quickly

Totalitarianism is a type of _____ which involves virtually complete control and _____ over all aspects of a society’s _____ and _____ life. Examples include _____ and _____.

Government; surveillance; social; political; Nazi Germany; North Korea

Democracy is a type of _____ run by the _____. The two types of democracy are _____ democracy, in which citizens vote directly on laws, and _____ democracy, in which elected members of legislatures make laws.

Government; people; direct; representative

The United States is technically a _____ democracy (via the _____), but critics have questioned this.

Representative; Electoral College

Most forms of government are just _____, and real-life governments are not pure forms of any single type of government. For example, although the Queen of England is technically the head of the British government, the _____ has more of a social work role compared to the British Parliament.

Ideal types; monarchy

War refers to _____ between organizations that possess _____ equipped with _____.

Conflict; trained combat forces; deadly weapons

The three views on war are the _____, _____, and _____ views.

Global; nation-state; micro

The global view on wars focuses on _____ and _____ two or more nations become engaged in military conflict.

How; why

The nation-state view of war focuses on the interaction of internal _____, _____, and _____ forces, positing that the benefits of war are generally _____.

Political; socioeconomic; cultural; limited

The micro view of war focuses on the _____ impact of war on individuals and the groups they belong to.

Social

Although the decision to go to war is made by _____ leaders, _____ plays a significant role in execution.

Government; public opinion

Peace refers to the absence of _____ and _____ efforts to develop cooperative relations among nations.

War; proactive

The vast majority of armed conflicts occur _____ states, with _____ groups getting involved to support particular groups or attempt to broker _____.

Within; outside; peace

The Global Peace Index utilizes indicators like organized _____ conflict, _____ crime, _____ instability, _____ exports, and _____ expenditures.

Internal; violent; political; weapons; military

_____ may act as a deterrent to armed conflict, as the exchange of goods, people, and culture promotes _____.

International trade; integration

NGOs refer to _____ and _____ like the _____ and _____ that often prevent _____ conflicts from escalating.

International charities; activist groups; Red Cross; Doctors Without Borders; local

Nations cannot maintain their security by _____; security is best achieved through _____.

Threatening violence; mutual agreement

Terrorism refers to the use or threat of _____ against _____ or _____ targets in pursuit of _____ aims.

Violence; random; symbolic; political

Terrorists believe that working through the _____ political process will not produce the desired political change, resulting in _____ actions, often directed towards _____ people.

Formal; illegal; innocent

An essential aspect of contemporary terrorism is the use of the _____ to publicize messages and goals.

Media

What constitutes terrorism has increasingly been expanded to refer to _____ terrorism, which demonstrates the impact of _____ theory.

Domestic; labeling

In theory, a _____ democracy will function most effectively and fairly if an _____ and _____ electorate communicates their views to government leaders. Many people in the United States identify to some extent with a political party, whose views are becoming increasingly _____, but more people than ever do not _____.

Representative; active; informed; polarized; fully identify with a party

If political participation declines, the govenrment operates with _____.

Less accountability to society

Many potential voters fail to _____, and the _____ are traditionally underrepresented among voters.

Register to vote; poor

_____ people have shown the most apathy to voting and often think it is a _____’s responsibility to convince them to vote.

Young; candidate

Strong allegiances to a _____ promote in-group solidarity, but may lead citizens to overlook the _____ of most social issues and promote _____.

Political party; complexity; inaction

Political strength is lacking in marginalized groups, such as _____ and _____ minorities.

Women; racial

The _____ tends to cover women politicians differently from men politicians.

Media

The 3 primary models of power structure are the _____, _____, and _____ models.

Pluralist; power-elite; Marxist political-economy

According to the pluralist model of power structure, power is _____, with _____. Under this model, politics is about constant _____ and _____. One major criticism of this model is that plurality mostly involves _____ Americans, not _____/_____.

Dispersed among many competing interest groups; no group having an undue amount of power; discussion; compromise; White; racial/ethnic minorities

According to the power-elite model of power structure, power is concentrated among the _____. The two frameworks for the power-elite model are _____’s model and _____’s model.

Rich; Mills; Domhoff

According to Mills’s model of the power elite model of power structure, the top of the structure includes the _____ rich, members of the _____ branch of government, and heads of the _____. The middle of the structure includes _____ opinion leaders, members of the _____ branch of government, and leaders of _____. The bottom of the structure includes the _____, _____ masses. Unlike _____, Mills believed that the economically powerful _____ with the military and government.

Corporate; executive; military; local; legislative; special interest groups; unorganized; exploited; Marx; coordinate

According to Domhoff’s model of the power elite model of power structure, elites of the _____ community and _____ leaders are at the top, many of which are members of the social _____.

Corporate; policy-planning; upper class

The Marxist political-economy model of power structure views politics in terms of the operation of a society’s _____ system. _____ and _____ are essentially servants to the _____ class, and the higher you rank within an _____ system, the more power you have, through not only _____ but also _____.

Economic; government officials; military leaders; capitalist; economic; money; connections

Lenski’s _____ approach categorizes pre-industrial society according to the way in which the _____ is organized.

Sociocultural evolution; economy

The Industrial Revolution brought about industrial societies, societies that depend on _____ to produce goods and services. _____ used to be the source of wealth, transitioning into people and institutions that must have been willing to take substantial risks to finance _____/business enterprises.

Mechanization; land; new inventions

The 3 types of economic systems are _____, _____, and _____.

Capitalism; socialism; communism

Capitalism is a type of _____ in which the means of production are held largely in _____ hands. The main incentive for economic activity is _____. Examples include _____, _____, and _____, the last of which is believed to practice welfare capitalism, a free market system that includes significant welfare programs such as _____ and _____.

Economic system; private; accumulation of profits; Canada; Mexico; United States; Social Security; Medicare

Under _____, laissez-faire refers to the idea that _____. Now, _____ tend to monitor prices, set _____ and _____ standards, protect _____ rights, and regulate _____ bargaining.

Capitalism; businesses compete best when there is minimal government intervention; governments; safety; environmental; consumer; labor union

Under _____, a monopoly refers to when _____, leading to control over _____, _____, and _____. Business practices as well as _____ for other firms create a lack of _____ and _____. The United States tends to prevent monopolies through _____ legislation, which prevent businesses from controlling a given market.

Capitalism; a single firm controls the market; pricing; quality; availability; barriers to entry; competition; consumer choice; antitrust

Socialism is a type of _____ in which the means of production and distribution are owned _____ rather than _____. The main incentive for economic activity is _____. Socialism generally involves high levels of coordination between _____ and the _____, leading to higher _____ for the collective good, resulting in measures like _____ and _____. Examples include _____ and _____.

Economic system; collectively; privately; meeting people’s needs; businesses; government; taxes; free college; universal healthcare; Russia; Sweden

Communism is a type of _____ in which all property is _____ owned and no _____ distinctions are made on the basis of people’s ability to _____. Communism is generally associated with _____, and examples include _____ and _____.

Economic system; communally; social; produce; shortages; Cuba; North Korea

The 2 types of (alternative) economies are _____ and _____ economies.

Informal; sharing

The informal economy refers to the transfer of money, goods, or services that is _____, leading to the avoidance of _____ and other regulations. Examples include selling things on _____, _____, or _____. This type of economy is generally difficult to _____, and _____ are often higher to offset the revenue lost to the informal economy. Informal economies tend to be _____, as they are difficult to _____, people are less likely to _____ and _____ their income, and working conditions tend to be _____.

Not reported to the government; taxes; Instagram; eBay; Etsy; measure; taxes; dysfunctional; expand; save; invest; poor

The sharing economy refers to connecting owners of _____ assets to others who are _____. Examples include _____, _____, and _____. Critics argue that the sharing economy is an extension of the _____, and that most sharing economy entrepreneurs would prefer _____. Another criticism is that the sharing economy _____ services that might otherwise be given away for _____.

Underused; willing to pay for them; Uber; Lyft; AirBnB; temporary workforce; properly compensated employment; commodifies; free

Affirmative action refers to positive efforts to recruit _____ group members or _____ for _____, _____, and _____ opportunities. Affirmative action represents a _____ attempt to reduce _____ and increase opportunities for groups deprived in the past. Affirmative action acts in contrast to practices like _____. One potential issue associated with affirmative action is _____, or use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo.

Minority; women; jobs; promotions; educational; legislative; inequality; legacy admissions; color-blind racism

Ethnic minorities and immigrants are increasingly moving from marginal jobs in the _____ to positions of greater _____ and _____, meaning that relationships between workers are more likely to cross _____, _____, and _____ lines.

Informal economy; visibility; responsibility; gender; racial; ethnic

The changing face of the workforce also involves an expansion in _____ work, particularly _____ work, or employment that is poorly _____, _____, and _____. These people often do not enjoy _____ and cannot support a _____.

Part-time; precarious; paid; insecure; unprotected; benefits; household

Deindustrialization refers to the _____, widespread withdrawal of _____ in basic aspects of _____ and moving production to other _____ or _____. Deindustrialization contributes to the _____ and the development of the _____.

Systemic; investment; productivity; states; abroad; polarization of the job market; underclass

Downsizing refers to reductions in a company’s _____ as part of _____. _____ contributes to downsizing.

Workforce; deindustrialization; automation

Offshoring, previously known as _____, refers to _____. This is the latest tactic used by _____ to raise profits by reducing costs. According to the _____ perspective, offshoring improves efficiency and economic interdependence, while the _____ perspective posits that this aspect of _____ furthers social _____.

Outsourcing; transferring work to foreign contractors; utilitarian formal organizations; functionalist; conflict; globalization; inequality

Microfinancing refers to _____ and _____ that enable people in _____ countries to move out of _____. These countries have a relatively lower _____, allowing such people to significantly improve their circumstances through _____.

Loans; grants; low-income; poverty; cost of living; mutual support

Due to the _____ of poverty, 90% of microcredit recipients are _____, as their economic status is often critical to the well-being of _____ and a healthy _____ environment.

Feminization; women; children; household

The global economy refers to expanding global activity with little regard for _____. This involves a global _____, with _____ vs. _____ vs. _____ sectors of the economy distributed among _____, _____, and _____ countries respectively. Products move through many _____, meaning that _____ no longer have full control inside of their borders. It is difficult to know _____, whether they are found in small Etsy orders or large containers.

National borders; division of labor; primary; secondary; tertiary; poor; middle-income; rich; nations; governments; what is being shipped

Under the global economy, a _____ number of businesses control a vast share of the world’s economic activities. _____ often buy out smaller businesses, calling into question whether _____ and _____ still exist.

Small; multinational corporations; competition; consumer choice